The geomagnetic field was at quiet to active levels on May 21 under the influence of a high speed stream associated with CH1294. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 553 and 699 km/sec, averaging 634 km/sec (+77 km/sec compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to minor storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 119.4 - decreasing 50.2 over the previous solar rotation. The 365 days average solar flux at 1 AU was 190.78 (183 days ago). SC25 peak: 195.86 on October 13, 2024 (subtracting a baseline solar flux level of 65, this is +62.6% compared to the SC24 peak and -1.7% compared to the SC23 peak). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 12 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 12.3). Three hour interval K indices: 43332122 (planetary), 34442313 (Boulder), 54432234 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class B4 level (GOES 19).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 13 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 203) and in 13 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 163) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14087 [N13W43] was quiet and stable.
AR 14089 [N17W11] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14090 [S12W02] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14092 [S13E39] was quiet and stable.
AR 14093 [S07E50] decayed and produced a few low level C flares in
the process. C1 flares: C1.3 @ 01:14, C1.0 @ 01:37, C1.2 @ 03:49, C1.2 @ 09:07 UT
New AR 14094 [N20E49] rotated into view on May 19 and was numbered 2
days later by SWPC as the region began to decay.
New AR 14095 [S06W56] emerged on May 20 and received its NOAA number
the next day as the region continued to develop slowly.
New AR 14096 [N06E72] rotated into view on May 20 with SWPC numbering
the region the following day.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S11084 [S04E03] decayed slowly and quietly.
S11085 [S12E11] was quiet and stable.
S11087 [N08E04] was quiet and stable.
S11088 [S13E72] developed slowly and quietly.
New region S11090 [N27W21] emerged with a tiny spot.
AR S11065 produced a C1.0 flare at 01:42 UT
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| M1.2 | 00:08 | N18W21 | S11065 | GOES18 | |
| C2.6 | 18:07 | S04W57 | 14095 | GOES18 |
May 19-21: No obviously Earth directed CMEs.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A very large recurrent southern hemisphere positive polarity coronal hole (CH1294) will be Earth facing on May 15-23. A recurrent northern hemisphere positive polarity coronal hole (CH1295) will rotate across the central meridian on May 21-22.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor to fair.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to unsettled levels on May 22-25 due to effects from CH1294/CH1295.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96
hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the
next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14087 | 2025.05.12 2025.05.12 |
2 | 4 | 1 | N13W42 | 0120 | HSX | CHO |
 |
 |
was AR S11063 location: N13W43 area: 0280 |
| S11065 | 2025.05.12 | N17W34 |
 |
||||||||
| S11067 | 2025.05.13 | S04W56 | |||||||||
| S11068 | 2025.05.14 | N31W54 | |||||||||
| S11069 | 2025.05.14 | S17W56 | |||||||||
| S11070 | 2025.05.14 | N09W35 | |||||||||
| 14089 | 2025.05.15 2025.05.16 |
11 | 3 | N11W13?? | 0020 | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S11072 location: N17W11 SWPC location on 2025.05.20 was N18E01 |
||
| 14090 | 2025.05.15 2025.05.16 |
2 | 5 | 3 | S12W04 | 0030 | HAX | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S11073 area: 0080 location: S12W02 |
| 14091 | 2025.05.16 2025.05.17 |
S13W20 |
 |
was AR S11075 location: S12W15 |
|||||||
| S11077 | 2025.05.16 | S18W59 | |||||||||
| S11078 | 2025.05.16 | S07W33 |
 |
||||||||
| 14092 | 2025.05.18 2025.05.19 |
1 | 1 | 1 | S13E39 | 0050 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
was AR S11080 area: 0140 |
| S11081 | 2025.05.18 | N08E09 | |||||||||
| 14093 | 2025.05.19 2025.05.20 |
3 | 5 | 2 | S06E52 | 0030 | CAO | CAO |
 |
 |
was AR S11082 area: 0070 location: S07E50 |
| 14094 | 2025.05.19 2025.05.21 |
3 | 9 | 5 | N20E49 | 0030 | CRO | CRO |
 |
 |
was AR S11083 |
| S11084 | 2025.05.19 | 3 | 1 | S04E03 | 0007 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S11085 | 2025.05.20 | 3 | 1 | S12E11 | 0005 | AXX |
 |
 |
|||
| 14095 | 2025.05.20 2025.05.21 |
6 | 17 | 8 | S05W57 | 0030 | CAO | DRI |
 |
 |
was AR S11086 location: S06W56 area: 0070 |
| S11087 | 2025.05.20 | 8 | 3 | N08E05 | 0020 | AXX |
 |
 |
|||
| S11088 | 2025.05.20 | 5 | 3 | S13E72 | 0030 | DRO |
 |
 |
|||
| 14096 | 2025.05.20 2025.05.21 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N06E71 | 0030 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
was AR S11089 area: 0100 |
| S11090 | 2025.05.21 | 1 | 1 | N27W21 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
||||
| Total spot count: | 18 | 73 | 33 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 88 | 203 | 163 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 51 | 112 | 72 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 97 | 112 | 130 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 107.1 | 127.9 (+3.1) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 113.5 | 129.5 (+1.6) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 126.0 | 131.2 (+1.7) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 123.0 | 136.9 (+5.7) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 103.7 | 141.4 (+4.5) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 137.0 | 144.5 (+3.1) | 9.69 |
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.06 | 184.3 | 190.2 | 164.1 | 152.8 (+3.7) | 10.24 |
| 2024.07 | 196.6 | 203.0 | 196.8 | 155.0 (+2.3) | 7.13 |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (cycle peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.8 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.09 | 195.7 | 197.8 | 141.1 | 159.4 (+1.6) | 15.36 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 165.8 | 160.8 (+1.4) (SC25 solar max) | 18.99 |
| 2024.11 | 199.6 | 195.3 | 154.1 | (159.0 projected, -1.8) | 9.33 |
| 2024.12 | 197.3 | 191.2 | 154.6 | (155.2 projected, -3.8) | 8.42 |
| 2025.01 | 190.3 | 184.2 | 137.0 | (149.7 projected, -5.5) | 13.17 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 154.7 | (141.6 projected, -7.1) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 163.7 | 162.1 | 134.2 | (135.1 projected, -6.5) | 15.96 |
| 2025.04 | 162.5 | 163.6 | 140.6 | (130.5 projected, -4.6) | 17.62 |
| 2025.05 | 133.7 (1) | 47.2 (2A) / 69.7 (2B) / 106.5 (2C) ISN average: 72 - at this level the smoothed sunspot number for November 2024 will become 156.8 |
(125.2 projected, -5.3) | (17.3) | |
| 2025.06 | (120.3 projected, -4.9) | ||||
| 2025.07 | (116.1 projected, -4.2) | ||||
| 2025.08 | (111.4 projected, -4.7) | ||||
| 2025.09 | (107.1 projected, -4.3) | ||||
| 2025.10 | (103.2 projected, -3.9) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Sunspot activity has been on a slowly decreasing trend since September
2024 (using the average solar flux over 3 solar rotations as a proxy). The
decline has become more obvious during the first half of May 2025 with solar
flux on May 12 at its lowest level since April 4, 2024. The solar max phase
of solar cycle 25 was considerably shorter than that of the most recent
solar cycles.
All 365 days smoothed sunspot numbers peaked on October 11-12, 2024,
very likely making this the peak of SC25 (STAR 1K 365d peak: 236.1, STAR 2K
365d peak: 364.3, NOAA SN 365d peak: 156.0, ISN 365d peak: 163.6). The 365d
smoothed solar flux peaked on October 13, 2024, just 1.7% below the SC23
peak, and 62.6% above the SC24 peak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whichever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
