The geomagnetic field was at quiet to unsettled levels on January 3 under the influence of effects associated with CH1337 and with CMEs embedded in the high speed stream. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 452 and 666 km/sec, averaging 524 km/sec (-40 km/sec compared to the previous day). The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels all day.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 165.2 - decreasing 29.2 over the previous solar rotation.
The 365 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 153.86 (183 days ago). The 81 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 144.7 (41 days ago, this is 47.8% of the total SC25 solar flux range from the max 81 day average peak on September 4, 2024 at 227.3 and an average 81 day flux of 69 at solar minimum). SC25 365d peak: 195.9 on October 13, 2024.
The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 10 (STAR Ap - based on the average of three hour interval ap indices: 10.5). Three hour interval K indices: 33223321 (planetary), 23224332 (Boulder), 44323321 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class B9 level (GOES 19).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 10 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 238) and in 8 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 144) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14323 [S16W28] gained area while losing tiny
spots.
AR 14324 [N24W26] decayed slowly and produced several low level C
flares. C1 flares: C1.4 @ 04:10, C1.4 @ 08:57, C1.4 @ 09:46, C1.7 @ 19:09,
C1.6 @ 21:53 UT
AR 14325 [S08W36] decayed slowly losing spots and area. C1 flares:
C1.6 @ 07:21, C1.4 @ 08:40, C1.5 @ 09:32, C1.6 @ 13:16, C1.5 @ 14:48, C1.4 @
19:55, C1.7 @ 22:19 UT
AR 14333 [S11W11] developed slowly and was mostly quiet.
AR 14334 [S15E61] was mostly quiet and stable.
New AR 14335 [S23E03] formed on December 31 and was numbered by SWPC
3 days later.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
AR S11743 [N10E39] was quiet and stable.
New AR S11744 [N01W31] emerged with tiny spots.
New AR S11745 [S26E49] was observed with a tiny spot in an old plage
area.
New AR S11746 [N24W44] emerged with a tiny spot.
A C1.4 flare at 11:30 UT had its origin behind the southeast limb.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C2.9 | 01:37 | N25W11 | 14324 | GOES18 | |
| C3.1 | 01:41 | 14324 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.3 | 06:19 | 14324 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.5 | 06:43 | 14325 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.0 | 07:49 | 14325 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.4 | 14:58 | 14325 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.3 | 15:04 | 14325 | GOES18 | ||
| C8.3 | 17:29 | S07W41 | 14325 | GOES18 | |
| C3.5 | 20:38 | N28W22 | 14324 | GOES18 |
January 1: A halo CME was observed after the C6.2 LDE in AR 14324
peaking at 17:59 UT. The CME could reach Earth on January 4.
January 2-3: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed in
available coronagraph imagery.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent northern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1338) will like become Earth facing on January 6-8.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to active levels on January 4 due to CME effects. Quiet levels are likely on January 5-7.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14323 | 2025.12.25 2025.12.26 |
20 | 24 | 17 | S17W28 | 0140 | DAI | DSO |
 |
 |
was AR S11719 area: 0280 location: S16W28 |
| 14325 | 2025.12.26 2025.12.27 |
22 | 34 | 17 | S08W38 | 0300 | EKO | EKO |
 |
 |
beta-gamma was AR S11720 area: 0500 location: S08W36 |
| 14324 | 2025.12.26 2025.12.26 |
10 | 20 | 5 | N24W28 | 0070 | DAI | DAO |
 |
 |
was AR S11721 area: 0100 location: N24W26 |
| S11722 | 2025.12.26 | N13W54 |
 |
||||||||
| 14330 | 2025.12.27 2025.12.29 |
S16W14 |
 |
was AR S11724 location: S19W07 |
|||||||
| 14331 | 2025.12.28 2025.12.29 |
S25W04 | was AR S11729 | ||||||||
| 14328 | 2025.12.29 | 1 | S13W48 | 0010 | AXX | inside leading polarity section of AR 14323 | |||||
| 14329| | 2025.12.29 2025.12.29 |
S12W20 |
 |
was AR S11731 location: S13W15 |
|||||||
| 14332 | 2025.12.30 2025.12.31 |
N14W11 |
 |
was AR S11732 location: N13W07 |
|||||||
| S11734 | 2025.12.31 | N02W23 |
 |
||||||||
| 14335 | 2025.12.31 2026.01.03 |
2 | 10 | 2 | S22E02 | 0010 | HSX | HRX |
 |
 |
was AR S11735 area: 0020 location: S23E03 |
| S11737 | 2026.01.01 | N12W37 | |||||||||
| 14333 | 2026.01.01 2026.01.02 |
10 | 26 | 16 | S11W11 | 0020 | CAO | DRI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma was AR S11738+S11739 area: 0100 |
| S11739 | 2026.01.01 | S11W08 | merged with AR S11738 | ||||||||
| 14334 | 2026.01.01 2026.01.02 |
1 | 7 | 3 | S15E59 | 0100 | HSX | CKO |
 |
 |
was AR S11740 area: 0260 location: S15E61 |
| S11742 | 2026.01.02 | N13W54 |
 |
||||||||
| S11743 | 2026.01.02 | 1 | N10E39 | 0001 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S11744 | 2026.01.03 | 4 | 3 | N01W31 | 0020 | DRO |
 |
||||
| S11745 | 2026.01.03 | 1 | 1 | S26E49 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
||||
| S11746 | 2026.01.03 | 1 | N24W44 | 0001 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 66 | 138 | 64 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 136 | 238 | 144 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 101 | 177 | 103 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 150 | 131 | 115 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (SC25 peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.8 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 165.8 | 160.9 (+1.5) (SC25 solar max) | 18.99 |
| 2024.11 | 199.6 | 195.3 | 154.1 | 157.2 (-3.7) | 9.33 |
| 2024.12 | 197.3 | 191.2 | 154.6 | 151.2 (-6.0) | 8.42 |
| 2025.01 | 190.3 | 184.2 | 137.0 | 146.2 (-5.0) | 13.17 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 155.7 | 139.8 (-6.4) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 163.7 | 162.1 | 134.2 | 135.9 (-3.9) | 15.96 |
| 2025.04 | 162.5 | 163.6 | 141.4 | 133.3 (-2.6) | 17.62 |
| 2025.05 | 135.3 | 138.3 | 78.5 | 128.5 (-4.8) | 17.26 |
| 2025.06 | 131.3 | 135.4 | 114.6 | 124.7 (-3.8) | 21.43 |
| 2025.07 | 137.8 | 142.3 | 125.6 | (122.4 projected, -2.3) | 11.80 |
| 2025.08 | 154.9 | 158.7 | 133.5 | (119.3 projected, -3.1) | 9.97 |
| 2025.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 129.8 | (115.8 projected, -3.5) | 14.02 |
| 2025.10 | 139.5 | 138.6 | 114.6 | (111.8 projected, -4.0) | 15.64 |
| 2025.11 | 140.3 | 137.3 | 91.7 | (109.5 projected, -2.3) | 21.01 |
| 2025.12 | 160.8 | 155.8 | 124.0 | (108.0 projected, -1.5) | 13.8 |
| 2026.01 | 166.8 (1) | 12.3 (2A) / 126.7 (2B) / 133.3 (2C) | (104.0 projected, -4.0) | (15.2) | |
| 2026.02 | (99.9 projected, -4.1) | ||||
| 2026.03 | (95.5 projected, -4.4) | ||||
| 2026.04 | (91.8 projected, -3.7) | ||||
| 2026.05 | (90.5 projected, -1.3) | ||||
| 2026.06 | (88.4 projected, -2.1) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Sunspot activity was on a decreasing trend from September
2024 until mid August 2025 (using the average solar flux over 3 solar rotations as a proxy).
Then a strong surge in activity saw solar flux peak in late August 2025 just
below the largest peaks seen in 2024. A slow decrease in activity from the
August level has been observed in September and October 2025.
All 365 day smoothed sunspot numbers reached a maximum on October 11-12, 2024.
This became the peak of SC25 (365 day smoothed peaks: STAR 1K: 236.1, STAR 2K: 364.3, NOAA SN: 156.0, ISN: 163.9),
while the 365d
smoothed solar flux peaked on October 13, 2024, just 1.7% below the SC23
peak, and 62.6% above the SC24 peak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whichever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
