The geomagnetic field was at quiet to unsettled levels on September 28 under the influence of effects associated with CH1318/CH1319. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 376 and 469 km/sec, averaging 422 km/sec (+23 km/sec compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to active levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels all day.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was
170.5 -
decreasing 31.4
over the previous solar rotation.
The 365 day average solar flux at 1
AU was 168.96 (183 days ago). The 81 day average solar flux at 1 AU was
154.4 (41 days ago, this is 54.0% of the total SC25 solar flux range from the max 81
day average peak on September 4, 2024 at 227.3 and an average 81 day flux of
69 at solar minimum).
SC25 365d peak:
195.9 on October 13, 2024.
The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 9 (STAR Ap - based on the average of three hour interval ap indices: 8.9). Three hour interval K indices: 33011322 (planetary), 23112422 (Boulder), 43112444 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 19).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 18 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 420) and in 15 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 270) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14225 [N10W78] was quiet and stable.
AR 14226 [S10W34] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14227 [S20W35] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14228 [N05W23] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14230 [S11W12] developed in the intermediate spot section gaining
area and many spots. An M class flare is possible. C1 flares: C1.9 @ 01:43
UT
AR 14232 [N03E48] developed slowly with the magnetic delta
configuration becoming better defined. The region produced a major impulsive
flare and several C flares.
AR 14233 [N18E49] developed further and has significant polarity
intermixing and a small magnetic delta configuration. M flares are possible.
AR 14234 [S29E04] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14235 [N27E51] developed slowly and was
mostly quiet. C1 flares: C1.9 @ 21:40 UT
New AR 14236 [N09E40] emerged on September 27 and developed quickly
on September 28 when it was numbered by SWPC. A magnetic delta configuration
formed and an M class flare is possible. C1 flares: C1.8 @ 15:37 UT
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S11460 [S17W13] was quiet and stable.
S11463 [S16W42] decayed slowly and quietly.
S11470 [N07E23] was quiet and stable.
S11471 [S14W19] decayed slowly and quietly.
New AR S11474 [N15E08] emerged with tiny spots.
New AR S11475 [S10W48] emerged with a tiny spot.
New AR S11476 [S15W14] emerged with tiny spots.
New AR S11477 [S03E08] emerged with a tiny spot.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C2.8 | 01:01 | N18E64 | 14233 | GOES18 | |
| C2.2 | 01:08 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.0 | 02:26 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.2 | 03:45 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.2 | 04:36 | 14235 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.7 | 04:51 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.0 | 04:56 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.5 | 05:39 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.3 | 07:07 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.1 | 07:19 | 14232 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.5 | 08:14 | 14232 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.2 | 08:29 | 14232 | GOES19 | ||
| M6.4/1B | 08:43 | 14232 | GOES19 | ||
| C2.5 | 09:02 | 14233 | GOES19 | ||
| C2.6 | 09:10 | 14233 | GOES19 | ||
| C3.0 | 10:54 | 14232 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.9 | 11:00 | 14232 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.6 | 11:42 | N16E58 | 14233 | GOES18 | |
| C3.2 | 12:55 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C9.0 | 13:24 | 14233 | GOES18 | simultaneous flare in AR 14232 | |
| C3.6 | 14:40 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.2 | 15:09 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.0 | 16:17 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.2 | 16:22 | 14235 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.5 | 16:46 | 14232 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.1 | 16:59 | 14230 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.8 | 17:42 | N07E51 | 14232 | GOES18 | |
| C3.0 | 19:21 | 14236 | GOES18 | simultaneous flare in AR 14236 | |
| C4.7 | 19:47 | 14232 | GOES18 | ||
| C7.1 | 19:53 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C7.4/1N | 19:56 | N04E50 | 14232 | GOES18 | dual flare centers |
| C9.6 | 20:34 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C4.2 | 21:03 | 14230 | GOES18 | ||
| C5.5 | 21:50 | 14235 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.3 | 22:17 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.7 | 22:24 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.0 | 22:54 | 14233 | GOES18 | ||
| C6.3 | 23:35 | N18E53 | 14233 | GOES18 | |
| C5.8 | 23:46 | 14232 | GOES18 |
September 26-28: No obviously Earth directed CMEs.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A small recurrent southern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1318) rotated across the central meridian on September 24. A small northern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1319) was Earth facing on September 25. A trans equatorial positive polarity coronal hole (CH1320) will rotate across the central meridian on September 29-30. A recurrent southern hemisphere positive polarity coronal hole (CH1321) will be Earth facing on September 29-October 3.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to active levels on September 29 due to effects from CH1318/CH1319 and mostly quiet on September 30 - October 1. October 2-6 could see quiet to minor storm levels due to effects from CH1320/CH1321.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14225 | 2025.09.16 2025.09.16 |
1 | 2 | 1 | N09W78 | 0090 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
was AR S11442 area: 0200 location: N10W78 |
| 14227 | 2025.09.19 2025.09.20 |
5 | 11 | 3 | S17W41 | 0030 | DSO | DRI |
 |
 |
was AR S11448 location: S20W35 area: 0020 SWPC seems to include AR S11463 in this AR |
| 14226 | 2025.09.19 2025.09.20 |
5 | 12 | 4 | S11W35 | 0130 | CAO | CAO |
 |
 |
was AR S11449 area: 0200 location: S10W34 |
| 14228 | 2025.09.20 2025.09.21 |
2 | 15 | 7 | N05W26 | 0010 | AXX | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S11453 location: N05W23 area: 0030 |
| S11455 | 2025.09.21 | N30W31 | |||||||||
| 14230 | 2025.09.22 2025.09.23 |
7 | 53 | 30 | S11W10 | 0070 | EAO | DSI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma was AR S11456 location: S11W12 area: 0280 |
| S11458 | 2025.09.22 | S22W26 | |||||||||
| S11459 | 2025.09.23 | S18W50 |
 |
||||||||
| S11460 | 2025.09.24 | 4 | 2 | S17W13 | 0008 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| 14233 | 2025.09.25 2025.09.27 |
6 | 33 | 18 | N18E50 | 0060 | DAO | DRI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta was AR S11461 area: 0150 location: N18E49 |
| 14232 | 2025.09.26 2025.09.26 |
5 | 19 | 9 | N04E48 | 0180 | DSO | DHC |
 |
 |
beta-delta was AR S11462 area: 0320 location: N03E48 |
| S11463 | 2025.09.26 | 13 | 7 | S16W42 | 0040 | DRI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma SWPC has moved AR 14227 to this AR |
||
| S11464 | 2025.09.26 | N17W35 | |||||||||
| S11465 | 2025.09.26 | S08E21 | |||||||||
| S11466 | 2025.09.26 | S30W01 | |||||||||
| 14234 | 2025.09.27 2025.09.27 |
7 | S23E05 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S11467 location: S29E04 |
|||
| 14235 | 2025.09.27 2025.09.27 |
3 | 10 | 6 | N30E51 | 0020 | CSO | DAO |
 |
 |
area: 0060 location: N27E51 |
| 14236 | 2025.09.27 2025.09.28 |
7 | 38 | 21 | N11E42 | 0030 | DAI | DAC |
 |
 |
beta-delta was AR S11469 area: 0210 location: N09E40 |
| S11470 | 2025.09.27 | 4 | 1 | N07E23 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S11471 | 2025.09.27 | 1 | S14W19 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S11472 | 2025.09.27 | S26W17 |
 |
||||||||
| S11473 | 2025.09.27 | N02E05 |
 |
||||||||
| S11474 | 2025.09.28 | 9 | 6 | N15E08 | 0030 | CRO |
 |
||||
| S11475 | 2025.09.28 | 1 | 1 | S10W48 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
||||
| S11476 | 2025.09.28 | 7 | 4 | S15W14 | 0020 | DRO |
 |
||||
| S11477 | 2025.09.28 | 1 | S03E08 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 41 | 240 | 120 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 131 | 420 | 270 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 81 | 290 | 170 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 144 | 231 | 216 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 103.7 | 141.4 (+4.5) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 137.0 | 144.5 (+3.1) | 9.69 |
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.06 | 184.3 | 190.2 | 164.1 | 152.8 (+3.7) | 10.24 |
| 2024.07 | 196.6 | 203.0 | 196.8 | 155.0 (+2.3) | 7.13 |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (cycle peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.8 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.09 | 195.7 | 197.8 | 141.1 | 159.4 (+1.6) | 15.36 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 165.8 | 160.9 (+1.5) (SC25 solar max) | 18.99 |
| 2024.11 | 199.6 | 195.3 | 154.1 | 157.1 (-3.8) | 9.33 |
| 2024.12 | 197.3 | 191.2 | 154.6 | 151.3 (-5.8) | 8.42 |
| 2025.01 | 190.3 | 184.2 | 137.0 | 146.3 (-5.0) | 13.17 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 155.7 | 139.9 (-6.4) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 163.7 | 162.1 | 134.2 | (135.6 projected, -4.3) | 15.96 |
| 2025.04 | 162.5 | 163.6 | 140.6 | (132.5 projected, -3.1) | 17.62 |
| 2025.05 | 135.3 | 138.3 | 79.2 | (127.6 projected, -4.9) | 17.26 |
| 2025.06 | 131.3 | 135.4 | 116.3 | (122.8 projected, -4.8) | 21.43 |
| 2025.07 | 137.8 | 142.3 | 125.6 | (118.9 projected, -3.9) | 11.80 |
| 2025.08 | 154.9 | 158.7 | 133.6 | (114.1 projected, -4.8) | 9.97 |
| 2025.09 | 152.1 (1) | 116.3 (2A) / 124.6 (2B) / 152.2 (2C) ISN average to date: 132. At this level the SSN for March 2025 will become 136.1 |
(109.7 projected, -4.4) | (11.4) | |
| 2025.10 | (105.8 projected, -3.9) | ||||
| 2025.11 | (103.6 projected, -2.2) | ||||
| 2025.12 | (101.9 projected, -1.7) | ||||
| 2026.01 | (97.8 projected, -4.1) | ||||
| 2026.02 | (93.7 projected, -4.1) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Sunspot activity has been on a decreasing trend since September
2024 (using the average solar flux over 3 solar rotations as a proxy).
Compared to the peak of SC25 solar flux has been at a low level in both May
and June 2025. Taking a closer look at the 81 day (3 solar rotations)
average solar flux proxy, its peak was in early September 2024 and had on
May 12 decreased to less than half of the solar cycle flux range.
Subtracting the 81 day average of approximately 69 at solar cycle minimum
from all measurements, the SC25 range is 0 - 158.3.
All 365 day smoothed sunspot numbers peaked on October 11-12, 2024,
very likely making this the peak of SC25 (365 day smoothed peaks: STAR 1K: 236.1, STAR 2K: 364.3, NOAA SN: 156.0, ISN: 163.9). The 365d
smoothed solar flux peaked on October 13, 2024, just 1.7% below the SC23
peak, and 62.6% above the SC24 peak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whichever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
