The geomagnetic field was at quiet levels on May 25. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 356 and 494 km/sec, averaging 413 km/sec (-12 km/sec compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to active levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 133.3 - decreasing 20.3 over the previous solar rotation. The 365 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 190.26 (183 days ago). SC25 peak: 195.86 on October 13, 2024 (subtracting a baseline solar flux level of 65, this is +62.6% compared to the SC24 peak and -1.7% compared to the SC23 peak). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 6 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 5.8). Three hour interval K indices: 22212211 (planetary), 22323311 (Boulder), 22213232 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class B9 level (GOES 19).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 14 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 245) and in 11 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 149) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14090 [S12W55] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14092 [S13W13] was quiet and stable.
AR 14093 [S07W03] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14094 [N20W01] was quiet and stable.
AR 14096 [N07E18] was quiet and stable.
AR 14097 [S13E18] decayed slowly and was mostly quiet.
AR 14098 [S04W58] was unstable has two small magnetic delta
configurations. Another major flare is possible. C1 flares: C1.6 @ 04:27,
C1.5 @ 09:39, C1.8 @ 09:58, C1.5 @ 11:07, C1.5 @ 12:45 UT
New AR 14099 [S13E68] rotated into view on May 24 and was numbered by
SWPC the next day. The region is compact and could produce M class flares.
C1 flares: C1.6 @ 22:14, C1.9 @ 22:20, C1.4 @ 22:39 UT
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S11085 [S17W27] was quiet and stable.
S11087 [N18W23] was quiet and stable.
S11092 [S30W14] reemerged with tiny spots.
S11094 [S21E28] was quiet and stable.
New region S11095 [N08E80] began rotating into view before noon. The
leading penumbra is huge. A major flare is possible. C1 flares: C1.5 @
01:29, C1.8 @ 13:19 UT
New region S11097 [S14E32] was observed with tiny spots in an
old plage area.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C3.2 | 00:09 | 14098 | GOES18 | ||
| X1.1 | 01:52 | 14098 | GOES18 | ||
| C5.3 | 02:57 | S11095 | GOES18 | ||
| C6.4 | 03:05 | S11095 | GOES18 | ||
| M1.7 | 06:35 | 14098 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.5 | 07:01 | 14098 | GOES18 | ||
| C6.2 | 07:51 | S05W49 | 14098 | GOES18 | |
| C2.0 | 09:22 | S04W49 | 14098 | GOES18 | |
| M3.4/1N | 10:18 | S05W50 | 14098 | GOES18 | |
| M8.9/2B | 16:30 | S05W54 | 14098 | GOES18 | |
| C2.1 | 19:33 | S11095 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.2 | 19:40 | 14098 | GOES18 | ||
| C3.3 | 23:00 | S13E20 | 14097 | GOES18 |
May 23-25: No obviously Earth directed CMEs.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A very large recurrent southern hemisphere positive polarity coronal hole (CH1294) was Earth facing on May 15-23. A recurrent trans equatorial negative polarity coronal hole (CH1296) was Earth facing on May 25. A southern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1297) will rotate across the central meridian on May 26-27. A recurrent negative polarity trans equatorial coronal hole (CH1298) will likely become Earth facing on May 27-29.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at mostly quiet levels on May 26-27. High speed streams associated with CH1296 and CH1297 will likely cause unsettled to minor storm conditions on May 28-30. Effects from CH1298 are likely to cause unsettled to minor storm conditions on May 30-June 1.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96
hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the
next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14089 | 2025.05.15 2025.05.16 |
N11W69? |
 |
was AR S11072 location: N17W64 SWPC location on 2025.05.20 was N18E01, latitude has been way off since 2025.05.21 |
|||||||
| 14090 | 2025.05.15 2025.05.16 |
1 | 1 | 1 | S13W57 | 0030 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
was AR S11073 location: S12W55 |
| 14091 | 2025.05.16 2025.05.17 |
S13W76 |
was AR S11075 location: S12W67 |
||||||||
| 14092 | 2025.05.18 2025.05.19 |
1 | 4 | 1 | S13W14 | 0110 | HSX | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S11080 area: 0130 location: S13W13 |
| S11081 | 2025.05.18 | N08W43 | |||||||||
| 14093 | 2025.05.19 2025.05.20 |
1 | 9 | 3 | S06W05 | 0020 | HRX | CRO |
 |
 |
was AR S11082 location: S07W03 |
| 14094 | 2025.05.19 2025.05.21 |
19 | 4 | N20W06 | 0010 | AXX | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S11083 location: N20W01 |
|
| 14098 | 2025.05.19 2025.05.23 |
12 | 25 | 12 | S04W57 | 0170 | DAI | DAC |
 |
 |
beta-delta was AR S11084 area: 0200 location: S04W58 |
| S11085 | 2025.05.20 | 2 | S17W27 | 0004 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S11087 | 2025.05.20 | 3 | N18W23 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
 |
||||
| 14097 | 2025.05.20 2025.05.22 |
4 | 9 | 2 | S14E19 | 0010 | BXO | CRO |
 |
 |
beta-gamma was AR S11088 location: S13E18 |
| 14096 | 2025.05.20 2025.05.21 |
1 | 2 | 1 | N06E18 | 0060 | HSX | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S11089 area: 0090 location: N07E18 |
| S11091 | 2025.05.22 | N02W34 | |||||||||
| S11092 | 2025.05.22 | 1 | 1 | S30W14 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
||||
| 14099 | 2025.05.24 | 3 | 19 | 9 | S13E67 | 0110 | CAO | DKC |
 |
 |
was AR S11093 area: 0330 |
| S11094 | 2025.05.24 | 3 | 3 | S21E28 | 0015 | CRO |
 |
 |
|||
| S11095 | 2025.05.25 | 4 | 2 | N08E80 | 1160 | HKX |
 |
||||
| S11097 | 2025.05.25 | 4 | S14E32 | 0006 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 33 | 105 | 39 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 93 | 245 | 149 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 61 | 154 | 88 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 102 | 135 | 119 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 107.1 | 127.9 (+3.1) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 113.5 | 129.5 (+1.6) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 126.0 | 131.2 (+1.7) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 123.0 | 136.9 (+5.7) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 103.7 | 141.4 (+4.5) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 137.0 | 144.5 (+3.1) | 9.69 |
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.06 | 184.3 | 190.2 | 164.1 | 152.8 (+3.7) | 10.24 |
| 2024.07 | 196.6 | 203.0 | 196.8 | 155.0 (+2.3) | 7.13 |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (cycle peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.8 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.09 | 195.7 | 197.8 | 141.1 | 159.4 (+1.6) | 15.36 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 165.8 | 160.8 (+1.4) (SC25 solar max) | 18.99 |
| 2024.11 | 199.6 | 195.3 | 154.1 | (159.0 projected, -1.8) | 9.33 |
| 2024.12 | 197.3 | 191.2 | 154.6 | (155.2 projected, -3.8) | 8.42 |
| 2025.01 | 190.3 | 184.2 | 137.0 | (149.7 projected, -5.5) | 13.17 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 154.7 | (141.6 projected, -7.1) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 163.7 | 162.1 | 134.2 | (135.1 projected, -6.5) | 15.96 |
| 2025.04 | 162.5 | 163.6 | 140.6 | (130.5 projected, -4.6) | 17.62 |
| 2025.05 | 132.5 (1) | 60.7 (2A) / 75.3 (2B) / 101.9 (2C) ISN average: 78 - at this level the smoothed sunspot number for November 2024 will become 157.0 |
(125.2 projected, -5.3) | (15.4) | |
| 2025.06 | (120.3 projected, -4.9) | ||||
| 2025.07 | (116.1 projected, -4.2) | ||||
| 2025.08 | (111.4 projected, -4.7) | ||||
| 2025.09 | (107.1 projected, -4.3) | ||||
| 2025.10 | (103.2 projected, -3.9) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Sunspot activity has been on a slowly decreasing trend since September
2024 (using the average solar flux over 3 solar rotations as a proxy). The
decline has become more obvious during the first half of May 2025 with solar
flux on May 12 at its lowest level since April 4, 2024. The solar max phase
of solar cycle 25 was considerably shorter than that of the most recent
solar cycles.
All 365 days smoothed sunspot numbers peaked on October 11-12, 2024,
very likely making this the peak of SC25 (STAR 1K 365d peak: 236.1, STAR 2K
365d peak: 364.3, NOAA SN 365d peak: 156.0, ISN 365d peak: 163.6). The 365d
smoothed solar flux peaked on October 13, 2024, just 1.7% below the SC23
peak, and 62.6% above the SC24 peak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whichever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
