Solar Terrestrial Activity Report

Last major update issued on January 28, 2025 at 06:25 UT.

Recent activity

The geomagnetic field was at quiet to unsettled levels on January 27. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 288 and 328 km/sec, averaging 301 km/sec (-23 km/sec compared to the previous day). A weak disturbance was observed starting near noon. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to minor storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels all day.

Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 162.5 - decreasing 55.1 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 192.30. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50 while SC23 peaked on February 23, 2002 at 198.15. Current SC25 peak: 192.30 on July 29, 2024 (given a base solar flux level of 65, this is +58.13% compared to the SC24 peak and -4.40% compared to the SC23 peak). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 6 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 5.5). Three hour interval K indices: 00121322 (planetary), 01222222 (Boulder), 10001543 (Andenes).

The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 18).

At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 13 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 197) and in 12 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 149) SDO/HMI images.

AR 13969 [S07W45] decayed losing all leader spots.
AR 13974 [S17E59] developed slowly and was mostly quiet.
New region 13975 [N14W55] was first observed with spots on January 19. New flux emerged on January 26 and the spot group was numbered the next day by SWPC as the region developed slowly.
New region 13976 [N13E80] rotated partly into view and appears to be a compact region with major flare potential. Amazingly SWPC is reporting more spots than what is visible in SDO imagery.
New region 13977 [N19E79] rotated into view.

Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S10715 [S18W58] decayed in the trailing spot section while new spots emerged in the leading polarity section. This is NOAA 13972
S10725 [S16W65] decayed slowly and quietly. This is NOAA 13967
S10742 [S07W01] was quiet and stable.
New region S10746 [N12E07] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10747 [S10E14] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10748 [S30W02] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10749 [S09E38] emerged with a tiny spot.
New region S10750 [N07W27] emerged with a tiny spot.

C2+ flares

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs)

January 25, 27: No obviously Earth directed CMEs.
January 26: A nearly circular filament in the southeast quadrant began erupting late on January 25. A faint partial halo CME was observed early on January 26 in LASCO imagery. The CME could reach Earth on January 29.

Coronal holes

[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago: 28 days ago 27 days ago 26 days ago]

A large recurrent positive polarity trans equatorial coronal hole (CH1268) will be Earth facing position on January 28 - February 2.

Propagation

Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor to fair. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.

Forecast

The geomagnetic field is expected to be mostly quiet on January 28. The January 26 CME could reach Earth on January 29 and cause some unsettled and active intervals. January 30 could see quiet to unsettled levels while effects from CH1268 could cause quiet to minor storm levels on January 31 - February 4.

1) Effects from a coronal hole could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.

Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.

Active solar regions

(Click on image for 2K resolution). 4K resolution. Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image

When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.

Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.

Monthly solar cycle data

1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red are based on the definitive international GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory Of Belgium, Brussels

Solar cycles 24-25

Update on the progress of solar cycle 25 as of December 30, 2024

Sunspot activity increased again during the second half of December 2024, and this will be the eighth consecutive month with average solar flux above 180. The average solar flux at 1 AU since May 1, 2024 is 205. There is an increasing chance solar cycle 25 could have a higher 1 year solar flux average than solar cycle 23. The above plot displays a projected peak for the ISN 365d smoothed sunspot number on October 12, 2024. All the other smoothed sunspot numbers as well as the smoothed 365d solar flux have projected peaks October 12-15. A sudden decrease in activity during the first months of 2025 could move the SC25 max to sometime between July and October 2024.

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This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.

SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.