The geomagnetic field was quiet to active on March 31 under the influence of effects from CH1209 until 18h UT. After that a high speed stream from CH1208 became the dominant solar wind source. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to major storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels at the end of the day.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 133.6 - decreasing 6.3 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 157.31. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50. Current SC25 peak: 158.71 on June 27, 2023). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 9 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 8.6). Three hour interval K indices: 42211112 (planetary), 32212322 (Boulder), 63211114 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 9 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 124) and in 6 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 75) SDO/HMI images.
Region 13617 [S13W74] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13619 [N18W79] decayed slowly and
quietly.
Region 13624 [N15E37] decayed slowly and quietly.
New region 13625 [N13W66] emerged on March 30 and developed further
on March 31 when the spot group was numbered by SWPC.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S9546 [S12W59] was quiet and stable.
S9550 [S12E32] was quiet and stable.
New region S9551 [N11W04] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S9553 [N21W42] emerged with tiny spots and reversed
polarities.
New region S9554 [N09E62] was observed with tiny spots in an
old plage area.
AR 13615 behind the southwest limb was the source of an M3.9 flare at 01:32 UT on April 1. A smaller simultaneous flare was observed in AR 13625.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C6.8 | 00:47 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.4 | 01:16 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.2 | 03:00 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.1 | 07:04 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.5 | 08:25 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.3 | 08:45 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.4 | 09:30 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.3 | 10:18 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.2 | 11:06 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 11:23 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.9 | 13:45 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.8 | 14:10 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.1 | 14:45 | northeast limb | GOES16 | ||
| C2.5 | 16:14 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 17:47 | northeast limb | GOES16 | ||
| C3.1 | 18:02 | northeast limb | GOES16 | ||
| C3.4 | 18:13 | northeast limb | GOES16 | ||
| C2.1 | 19:35 | 13615 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.0 | 20:52 | 13625 | GOES16 |
March 29-31: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A positive polarity southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1208) was Earth facing on March 27-28. A northern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1210) was Earth facing on March 31. A trans equatorial negative polarity coronal hole (CH1211) will rotate into an Earth facing position on March 31-April 1.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet to unsettled on April 1 due to effects from CH1208. Quiet conditions are likely on April 2. April 3-4 could see unsettled to minor storm conditions due to effects from CH1210 and CH1211.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole
could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed
stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13617 | 2024.03.19 2024.03.20 |
1 | 1 | S13W76 | 0010 | AXX | AXX |
 |
 |
location: S13W74 area: 0001 |
|
| 13619 | 2024.03.20 2024.03.21 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N18W79 | 0050 | HSX | HAX |
 |
 |
area: 0130 |
| S9528 | 2024.03.21 | N18W59 |
 |
||||||||
| 13620 | 2024.03.22 2024.03.22 |
S08W52 |
location: S10W41 |
||||||||
| 13622 | 2024.03.23 2024.03.24 |
N11W39 |
 |
location: N19W32 SWPC position is way off |
|||||||
| S9539 | 2024.03.24 | S15W53 | |||||||||
| S9540 | 2024.03.24 | S11W32 | |||||||||
| S9542 | 2024.03.26 | S23W47 | |||||||||
| S9546 | 2024.03.29 | 3 | 3 | S12W59 | 0007 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S9547 | 2024.03.29 | S10W03 | |||||||||
| 13624 | 2024.03.30 2024.03.30 |
1 | 2 | 1 | N16E39 | 0010 | HRX | CRO |
 |
 |
location: N15E37 |
| 13625 | 2024.03.30 2024.03.31 |
7 | 11 | 6 | N12W65 | 0040 | DAI | DAO |
 |
 |
location: N13W66 area. 0080 |
| S9550 | 2024.03.30 | 6 | S12E32 | 0008 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S9551 | 2024.03.30 | 6 | 2 | N12W19 | 0016 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S9553 | 2024.03.31 | 2 | 2 | N21W42 | 0008 | BXO |
 |
||||
| S9554 | 2024.03.31 | 2 | N09E62 | 0002 | BXO |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 10 | 34 | 15 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 50 | 124 | 75 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 23 | 47 | 28 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 55 | 68 | 60 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2022.09 | 135.1 | 136.5 | 96.0 | 96.5 (+3.9) | 12.18 |
| 2022.10 | 133.5 | 132.7 | 95.5 | 98.9 (+2.4) | 11.16 |
| 2022.11 | 123.4 | 120.7 | 80.5 | 101.2 (+2.3) | 9.33 |
| 2022.12 | 147.9 | 143.4 | 112.8 | 106.7 (+5.5) | 10.99 |
| 2023.01 | 182.4 | 176.6 | 144.4 | 113.3 (+6.6) | 8.73 |
| 2023.02 | 167.2 | 163.2 | 111.3 | 117.8 (+3.5) | 14.48 (current SC25 peak) |
| 2023.03 | 157.2 | 155.6 | 123.3 | 121.1 (+3.3) | 14.42 |
| 2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 97.6 | 122.9 (+1.8) | 13.40 |
| 2023.05 | 155.6 | 159.2 | 137.4 | 124.1 (+1.2) | 10.67 |
| 2023.06 | 161.7 | 166.8 | 160.5 | 125.2 (+1.1) (SC25 solar max candidate) |
8.95 |
| 2023.07 | 176.4 | 182.2 | 160.0 | 124.3 (-0.9) | 8.15 |
| 2023.08 | 153.7 | 157.6 | 114.8 | 124.0 (-0.3) | 7.19 |
| 2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | 123.8 (-0.2) | 14.26 |
| 2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.4 | (123.8 projected, 0.0) | 8.16 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 105.4 | (123.5 projected, -0.3) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 114.2 | (120.1 projected, -3.4) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 123.0 | (116.8 projected, -3.3) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 124.6 | (116.0 projected, -0.8) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 104.9 | (115.4 projected, -0.6) | 11.1 |
| 2024.04 | (1) | (2A/2B) / 122.3 (2C) | (115.4 projected, -0.0) | () | |
| 2024.05 | (116.6 projected, +1.2) | ||||
| 2024.06 | (115.8 projected, -0.8) | ||||
| 2024.07 | (114.1 projected, -1.7) | ||||
| 2024.08 | (112.1 projected, -2.0) | ||||
| 2024.09 | (110.9 projected, -1.2) | ||||
| 2024.10 | (110.3 projected, -0.6) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz
and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Solar activity saw a significant decrease during the latter half of February and the first part of March. While there is still a chance that there could be another and higher peak in October or November 2023, chances that June 2023 was solar max has increased. After November 2023 there is currently no other obvious candidate solar max month. Taking into account the state of the solar polar fields another major peak during SC25 is becoming less likely.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
