The geomagnetic field was at quiet to active levels on December 9 under the influence of a high speed stream from CH1259. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 403 and 528 km/sec, averaging 470 km/sec (+106 compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to major storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels all day.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 172.5- increasing 22.2 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 187.84. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50 while SC23 peaked on February 23, 2002 at 198.15. Current SC25 peak: 187.84 on June 10, 2024 (given a base solar flux level of 65, this is +52.59% compared to SC24 peak and -7.74% compared to SC23 peak). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 17 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 16.8). Three hour interval K indices: 43233333 (planetary), 32343432 (Boulder), 54124456 (Andenes).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 15 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 342) and in 13 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 239) SDO/HMI images.
AR 13916 [S16W12] decayed slowly and was mostly quiet.
AR 13917 [S08E00] produced a few C flares and decayed slowly.
AR 13919 [S14W04] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 13920 [N22E39] was mostly quiet and stable.
New AR 13921 [S04E14] emerged on December 7 and was numbered 2 days
later by SWPC.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S10418 [S07W75] decayed further producing many C flares.
S10433 [S08W16] was quiet and stable.
S10436 [S15E21] was quiet and stable.
S10442 [S08E40] decayed slowly and quietly.
S10444 [N20E05] reemerged with tiny spots.
S10448 [S17W53] developed slowly and quietly.
S10451 [S08W16] was quiet and stable.
New region S10455 [N07E45] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10456 [N37E14] emerged with a tiny spot at a high
latitude.
New region S10457 [S17E76] rotated into view with a few spots.
C2+ flares
Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
C2.7 | 00:53 | 13913 | GOES16 | ||
C3.6 | 01:30 | 13917 | GOES16 | ||
C2.6 | 02:10 | 13913 | GOES16 | ||
C2.4 | 04:21 | 13920 | GOES16 | ||
C2.2 | 04:47 | 13913 | GOES16 | ||
C2.2 | 05:56 | GOES16 | |||
C2.7 | 06:06 | GOES16 | |||
C4.4 | 06:22 | S06W66 | S10418 | GOES16 | |
C2.3 | 07:13 | GOES16 | |||
C2.5 | 07:45 | 13917 | GOES16 | ||
C2.1 | 08:24 | 13917 | GOES16 | ||
C2.8 | 09:42 | S10418 | GOES16 | ||
C3.7 | 10:15 | 13917 | GOES16 | ||
C2.6 | 12:17 | GOES16 | |||
C6.3 | 12:27 | S10418 | GOES16 | ||
C2.5 | 15:11 | S10418 | GOES16 | ||
C8.4/1F | 16:12 | S04W75 | S10418 | GOES16 | |
C2.9 | 19:47 | S10418 | GOES16 | ||
C2.3 | 22:40 | S10418 | GOES16 | ||
C2.4 | 22:46 | GOES16 | |||
C2.6 | 23:30 | S10418 | GOES16 |
December 7-9: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1259) was in an Earth facing position on December 6-7. A positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1261) will be rotating across the central meridian on December 8-9, and may be too far to the north to cause a geomagnetic disturbance. A recurrent positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1262) will likely be in an Earth facing position on December 11.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor to fair.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet to unsettled on December 10-14, first due to effects from CH1259 and then from CH1261.
Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96
hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the
next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWPC/ USAF |
STAR/ SDO |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
2K | 1K | ||||||||||
13912 | 2024.11.28 | 5 | S06W75 | 0220 | DAI |
SWPC moved this AR to the location of AR S10418 on 2024.12.01 STAR data is for the original spot group location: S08W91 |
|||||
S10418 | 2024.11.28 | 11 | 8 | S07W75 | 0170 | DAO |
beta-gamma see AR 13912 |
||||
13915 | 2024.12.02 | N12W30 | |||||||||
13916 | 2024.12.02 2024.12.03 |
8 | 32 | 20 | S15W12 | 0040 | CRO | CRI |
was AR S10427 area: 0090 |
||
S10431 | 2024.12.03 | N10W55 | |||||||||
13917 | 2024.12.03 2024.12.04 |
12 | 64 | 36 | S08W02 | 0220 | DAO | DSC |
beta-gamma was AR S10432 location: S08E00 area: 0560 |
||
S10433 | 2024.12.04 | 6 | 1 | S11W32 | 0010 | AXX | |||||
S10434 | 2024.12.04 | S14W50 | |||||||||
S10436 | 2024.12.04 | 9 | S15E21 | 0015 | BXO | ||||||
S10438 | 2024.12.05 | N15E26 | |||||||||
S10440 | 2024.12.05 | N22W36 | |||||||||
S10441 | 2024.12.06 | N28W08 | |||||||||
S10442 | 2024.12.06 | 4 | S08E40 | BXO | |||||||
13920 | 2024.12.06 2024.12.08 |
6 | 28 | 12 | N22E38 | 0070 | CSO | DAI |
was AR S10443 location: N22E39 area: 0100 |
||
S10444 | 2024.12.06 | 2 | 1 | N20E05 | 0003 | AXX | |||||
S10445 | 2024.12.06 | N09W27 | |||||||||
S10446 | 2024.12.06 | N22E01 | |||||||||
13919 | 2024.12.06 2024.12.08 |
2 | 7 | 3 | S14W06 | 0010 | BXO | CRO |
was AR S10447 location: S14W04 area: 0020 |
||
S10448 | 2024.12.07 | 6 | 3 | S17W53 | 0020 | CRO | |||||
13921 | 2024.12.07 2024.12.09 |
6 | 4 | S07E12 | 0020 | HRX | CRO | was AR S10449 | |||
S10450 | 2024.12.07 | N07W07 | |||||||||
S10451 | 2024.12.07 | 8 | 2 | S08W16 | 0015 | BXO | |||||
S10452 | 2024.12.08 | S09E11 | |||||||||
S10453 | 2024.12.08 | N00E49 | |||||||||
S10454 | 2024.12.08 | S18W04 | |||||||||
S10455 | 2024.12.09 | 3 | 2 | N07E45 | 0008 | BXO | |||||
S10456 | 2024.12.09 | 1 | 1 | N37E14 | 0003 | AXX | |||||
S10457 | 2024.12.09 | 5 | 2 | S17E76 | 0050 | CRO | |||||
Total spot count: | 34 | 192 | 95 | ||||||||
Sunspot number: | 94 | 342 | 225 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
Weighted SN: | 55 | 212 | 125 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 103 | 188 | 180 |
Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured | 1 AU | ||||
2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 97.6 | 122.9 (+1.8) | 13.40 |
2023.05 | 155.6 | 159.2 | 137.4 | 124.2 (+1.3) | 10.67 |
2023.06 | 161.7 | 166.8 | 160.5 | 125.3 (+1.1) | 8.95 |
2023.07 | 176.4 | 182.2 | 160.0 | 124.6 (-0.7) | 8.15 |
2023.08 | 153.7 | 157.6 | 114.8 | 124.3 (-0.3) | 7.19 |
2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | 124.0 (-0.3) | 14.26 |
2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.4 | 124.8 (+0.8) | 8.16 |
2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 105.4 | 127.9 (+3.1) | 12.20 |
2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 114.2 | 129.5 (+1.6) | 9.60 |
2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 126.0 | 131.1 (+1.6) | 5.46 |
2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 123.0 | 136.9 (+5.8) | 5.31 |
2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 103.7 | 141.4 (+4.5) | 11.03 |
2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 137.0 | 144.4 (+3.1) | 9.69 |
2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.7) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
2024.06 | 184.3 | 190.2 | 164.1 | (152.1 projected, +3.0) | 10.24 |
2024.07 | 196.6 | 203.0 | 196.5 | (154.4 projected, +2.3) | 7.13 |
2024.08 | 246.1 (cycle peak) |
252.2 | 215.5 (SC25 peak) | (156.2 projected, +1.8) | 15.96 |
2024.09 | 195.7 | 197.8 | 141.4 | (158.6 projected, +2.4) | 15.36 |
2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 166.3 | (160.7 projected, +2.1) | 18.99 |
2024.11 | 198.3 | 195.3 | 152.5 | (159.9 projected, -0.8) | 9.33 |
2024.12 | 178.4 (1) | 29.6 (2A) / 102.1 (2B) / - (2C) | (157.8 projected, -2.1) | (7.2) | |
2025.01 | (153.4 projected, -4.4) | ||||
2025.02 | (146.6 projected, -6.8) | ||||
2025.03 | (141.8 projected, -4.8) | ||||
2025.04 | (138.9 projected, -2.9) | ||||
2025.05 | (134.9 projected, -4.0) |
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Sunspot activity in November 2024 decreased compared to October and there is a trend towards lower levels since August 2024. The average solar flux for November was the fourth highest for a month during SC24. The above plot displays a projected peak for the ISN 365d smoothed sunspot numbers in October 15, 2024. All the other smoothed sunspot number have projected peaks either in late November or early December. Assuming that the average sunspot numbers in December 24 decreases significantly over the previous months, and then slowly until mid 2025, an earlier peak peak near July 9, 2024 becomes possible. Currently SC25 is tracking much closer to SC23 than to SC24.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.