The geomagnetic field was unsettled to major storm on May 20 due to effects associated with CH1148. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 386 and 652 km/sec. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded unsettled to major storm levels.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 169.6 - increasing 34.4 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 140.74. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 35 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 35.3). Three hour interval K indices: 65543333 (planetary), 45643433 (Boulder), 66643444 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C2 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 12 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 309) and in 9 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 174) SDO/HMI images.
Region 13302 [N17W70] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13305 [N11W69] gained area and developed during the first half
of the day, then decayed slowly.
Region 13307 [S10W34] reemerged with tiny spots.
Region 13308 [N11W53] was quiet and stable.
Region 13310 [S21E35] displayed only minor changes and was mostly
quiet. An M class flare is possible.
Region 13311 [N18E49] expanded and became less compact. The region
still has polarity intermixing and multiple magnetic deltas. Further major
flares are possible.
Region 13312 [S24E58] has many small positive polarity spots and only
a few negative polarity spots. Further M class flares are possible.
Region 13313 [N21E63] was quiet and stable.
New region 13314 [N14E38] emerged on May 19 and was numbered by SWPC
the following day.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC:
S8574 [N24W05] was quiet and stable.
S8575 [N31E21] was quiet and stable.
New region S8577 [N25W60] emerged with tiny spots.
C2+ flares:
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C2.9 | 00:23 | 13312 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 00:47 | 13305 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.8 | 02:05 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.9 | 02:33 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.4 | 02:40 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.1 | 03:17 | 13305 | GOES16 | simultaneous flare in AR 13311 | |
| C3.9 | 03:35 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.2 | 04:24 | 13312 | GOES16 | ||
| C6.9 | 04:50 | 13312 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 05:14 | 13309 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.2 | 05:53 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 06:12 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.0 | 07:02 | N19E72 | 13311 | GOES16 | |
| M6.5/1N | 07:32 | N19E72 | 13311 | GOES16 | |
| M1.4 | 08:36 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.1 | 08:55 | 13305 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.1 | 09:27 | 13312 | GOES16 | simultaneous flares in ARs 13305 and 13311 | |
| C6.7 | 10:12 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.6 | 10:54 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.9 | 11:33 | 13312 | GOES16 | ||
| M8.9 | 12:35 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C7.2 | 14:25 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| M5.6 | 15:00 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.8 | 16:23 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.1 | 16:54 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.9 | 17:05 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.4 | 17:14 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.7 | 17:46 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.7 | 18:08 | 13311 | GOES16 | simultaneous flare in AR 13309 | |
| C7.2 | 18:54 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.1 | 19:03 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.6 | 19:45 | 13312 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.3 | 19:51 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.1 | 20:17 | 13305 | GOES16 | ||
| C6.4 | 20:28 | 13311 | GOES16 | ||
| C6.1 | 21:04 | 13309 | GOES16 | simultaneous flare in AR 13311 | |
| M5.2 | 23:06 | 13311 | GOES16 |
May 18-20: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent trans equatorial coronal hole (CH1148) was Earth facing on May 16-17. A southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1149) will rotate across the central meridian on May 20-22.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
Quiet to unsettled geomagnetic conditions are likely on May 21-22. A high speed stream from CH1149 could cause unsettled to major storm conditions May 23-25.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejection (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole
could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed
stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13301 | 2023.05.08 2023.05.09 |
N14W79 |
location: N14W75 |
||||||||
| 13302 | 2023.05.08 2023.05.09 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N18W72 | 0030 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
area: 0070 location: N17W70 |
| 13305 | 2023.05.12 | 15 | 25 | 12 | N12W71 | 0250 | DKI | DAI |
 |
 |
location: N11W69 area: 0280 |
| 13308 | 2023.05.14 2023.05.16 |
8 | 23 | 11 | N12W54 | 0050 | CAO | DRI |
 |
 |
location: N11W53 area: 0090 |
| 13307 | 2023.05.14 2023.05.15 |
4 | S09W34 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
location: S10W34 |
||||
| S8565 | 2023.05.14 | S21W48 | |||||||||
| S8566 | 2023.05.15 | N21W24 | |||||||||
| 13310 | 2023.05.16 2023.05.17 |
6 | 22 | 9 | S20E34 | 0310 | CKO | CKO |
 |
 |
location: S21E35 area: 0690 |
| S8569 | 2023.05.16 | S30W10 |
 |
||||||||
| 13311 | 2023.05.17 2023.05.18 |
18 | 71 | 35 | N18E47 | 0410 | EKC | FAC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta location: N18E49 area: 0620 |
| 13312 | 2023.05.18 2023.05.19 |
6 | 24 | 11 | S25E57 | 0030 | CAI | CRI |
 |
 |
area: 0100 location: S24E58 |
| 13313 | 2023.05.18 2023.05.19 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N22E63 | 0050 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
location: N21E63 area: 0230 |
| 13314 | 2023.05.19 2023.05.20 |
3 | 8 | 3 | N15E36 | 0020 | BXO | DRO |
 |
 |
|
| S8574 | 2023.05.19 | 3 | 1 | N25W05 | 0006 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S8575 | 2023.05.19 | 1 | N31E21 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S8576 | 2023.05.19 | S22W43 |
 |
||||||||
| S8577 | 2023.05.20 | 2 | N25W60 | 0004 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 58 | 185 | 84 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 138 | 305 | 174 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 108 | 214 | 123 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 152 | 168 | 139 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2021.09 | 87.0 | 88.2 | 51.3 | 40.2 (+4.8) | 6.33 |
| 2021.10 | 88.9 | 88.3 | 37.4 | 45.2 (+5.0) | 7.38 |
| 2021.11 | 86.2 | 84.4 | 34.8 | 50.8 (+5.6) | 9.83 |
| 2021.12 | 103.0 | 99.8 | 67.5 | 55.9 (+5.1) | 6.40 |
| 2022.01 | 103.8 | 100.5 | 55.3 | 60.1 (+4.2) | 8.92 |
| 2022.02 | 109.1 | 106.5 | 60.9 | 64.7 (+4.6) | 10.46 |
| 2022.03 | 117.0 | 115.8 | 78.6 | 68.7 (+4.0) | 10.20 |
| 2022.04 | 130.8 | 131.7 | 84.0 | 73.0 (+4.3) | 11.79 |
| 2022.05 | 133.8 | 136.8 | 96.5 | 77.4 (+4.4) | 7.48 |
| 2022.06 | 116.1 | 119.8 | 70.3 | 81.1 (+3.7) | 8.20 |
| 2022.07 | 125.4 | 129.5 | 91.4 | 86.7 (+5.6) | 9.51 |
| 2022.08 | 114.2 | 117.1 | 74.6 | 92.5 (+5.8) | 10.92 |
| 2022.09 | 135.1 | 136.5 | 96.0 | 96.4 (+3.9) | 12.18 |
| 2022.10 | 133.5 | 132.7 | 95.5 | 98.7 (+2.3) | 11.16 |
| 2022.11 | 123.4 | 120.7 | 80.5 | (100.4 projected, +1.7) | 9.33 |
| 2022.12 | 147.9 | 143.4 | 112.8 | (104.1 projected, +3.7) | 10.99 |
| 2023.01 | 182.4 | 176.6 | 143.6 | (110.1 projected, +6.0) | 8.73 |
| 2023.02 | 167.2 | 163.2 | 110.9 | (115.2 projected, +5.1) | 14.48 (current SC25 peak) |
| 2023.03 | 157.2 | 155.6 | 122.6 | (118.3 projected, +3.1) | 14.42 |
| 2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 96.4 | (123.7 projected, +5.4) | 13.40 |
| 2023.05 | 154.8 (1) | 78.7 (2A) / 122.1 (2B) / 147.4 (2C) | (129.3 projected, +5.6) | (11.3) | |
| 2023.06 | (132.5 projected, +3.2) | ||||
| 2023.07 | (132.0 projected, -0.5) | ||||
| 2023.08 | (133.0 projected, +1.0) | ||||
| 2023.09 | (136.4 projected, +3.4) | ||||
| 2023.10 | (138.3 projected, +1.9) | ||||
| 2023.11 | (141.4 projected, +3.1) | ||||
| 2023.12 | (142.5 projected max SC25) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz
and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: SIDC-SILSO.
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
