The geomagnetic field was at quiet to unsettled levels. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 314 and 427 km/sec, averaging 382 km/sec (+67 km/sec compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes was at quiet to minor storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels until 22:35 UT. Then the flux began to increase and reached 5.9 pfu by the end of the UT day before peaking at 23.8 pfu at 01:10 UT on May 26. The increase was related to a large flare a few days behind the northwest limb.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 139.0 - decreasing 10.4 over the previous solar rotation.
The 365 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 140.18 (183 days ago). The 81 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 123.9 (41 days ago, this is 34.7% of the total SC25 solar flux range from the max 81 day average peak on September 4, 2024 at 227.3 and an average 81 day flux of 69 at solar minimum). SC25 365d peak: 195.9 on October 13, 2024.
The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 8 (STAR Ap - based on the average of three hour interval ap indices: 7.5). Three hour interval K indices: 32122223 (planetary), 33123322 (Boulder), 43132445 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 19).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 16 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 304) and in 13 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 194) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14439 [N07W47] was mostly quiet and stable.
AR 14440 [N17W40] was quiet and stable.
AR 14443 [S17W41] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14444 [S20E17] was quiet and stable.
AR 14445 [N07E26] gained tiny spots and was quiet.
AR 14446 [S14E46] developed slowly in the trailing spot section with
polarity intermixing and
was mostly quiet. Note that SWPC interprets the trailing spot section as
being AR 14451. C1 flares: C1.1 @ 14:48 UT
AR 14447 [S16E10] developed slowly and was mostly quiet. A minor M
class flare is possible. C1 flares: C1.1 @ 03:30, C1.7 @ 06:52 UT
New AR 14448 [S07E53] rotated into view on May 23 and was numbered by
SWPC 2 days later. C1 flares: C1.4 @ 16:12 UT
New AR 14449 [S10E49] rotated into view on May 23 and received its
NOAA number 2 days later.
New AR 14450 [N09E50] rotated into view on May 23 and was noticed by
SWPC 2 days later.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
AR S12074 [N17W11] was quiet and stable.
AR S12079 [N08E07] was quiet and stable.
AR S12084 [S08W29] was quiet and stable.
AR S12091 [S27E37]was quiet and stable.
New
AR S12095 [S14W60] emerged late in the day with tiny spots.
New AR S12096 [N04E17] was observed with tiny
spots in an old plage area.
AR 14441 produced C1 flares while rotating over the northwest limb: C1.2 @ 03:58, C1.3 @ 13:12, C1.4 @ 19:15 UT
An active region behind the northeast limb was the source of C1 flares: C1.4 @ 11:43, C1.4 @ 18:22, C1.6 @ 20:42 UT
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C3.7 | 01:04 | S17E23 | 14447 | GOES18 | |
| C2.1 | 21:14 | behind NE limb | GOES18 | ||
| C2.5 | 21:23 | behind NW limb | 14441 | GOES18 | |
| C2.8 | 21:48 | behind NE limb | GOES18 | ||
| C4.0 | 22:30 | behind NE limb | GOES18 | ||
| C4.6 | 22:41 | behind NE limb | GOES18 | ||
| C2.3 | 23:41 | 14446 | GOES18 |
May 23-25: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed in available coronagraph imagery.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent negative polarity southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1369) was Earth facing on May 23 and closed the same day. A negative polarity southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1370) will be Earth facing on May 24-26. A negative polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1371) will be Earth facing on May 26-27.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to unsettled levels on May 26-31 with a chance of active intervals due to effects from CH1369, CH1370 and CH1371.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14440 | 2026.05.15 2026.05.16 |
4 | 1 | N17W55 | 0006 | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S12067 location: N17W40 |
||
| 14439 | 2026.05.15 2026.05.16 |
3 | 1 | N06W59 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S12068 location: N07W47 |
||
| 14441 | 2026.05.16 2026.05.16 |
3 | N11W96 | 0140 | EAO |
 |
was AR S12069 rotated out of view SWPC spot data unchanged from the previous day |
||||
| 14443 | 2026.05.16 2026.05.17 |
2 | 10 | 5 | S16W44 | 0030 | CSO | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S12070 area: 0070 location: S17W41 |
| 14442 | 2026.05.17 2026.05.17 |
S15W70 |
was AR S12072 location: S17W63 |
||||||||
| S12074 | 2026.05.18 | 7 | 1 | N17W11 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S12077 | 2026.05.20 | S27W26 | |||||||||
| 14444 | 2026.05.20 2026.05.21 |
1 | 9 | 4 | S21E16 | 0090 | HSX | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S12078 area: 0190 location: S20E17 |
| S12079 | 2026.05.20 | 8 | 5 | N08E07 | 0025 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S12080 | 2026.05.20 | N15W26 | |||||||||
| S12081 | 2026.05.20 | N22W47 | |||||||||
| 14445 | 2026.05.21 2026.05.23 |
3 | 12 | 5 | N07E26 | 0020 | CRO | CRO |
 |
 |
was AR S12082 |
| 14447 | 2026.05.21 2026.05.24 |
5 | 22 | 14 | S17E11 | 0150 | DSO | DSI |
 |
 |
was AR S12083 area: 0250 location: S16E10 |
| S12084 | 2026.05.21 | 3 | S08W29 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
 |
||||
| 14446 | 2026.05.22 2026.05.23 |
3 | 22 | 11 | S14E45 | 0220 | HAX | FHO |
 |
 |
beta-gamma was AR S12087 area: 0520 location: S14E46 |
| 14450 | 2026.05.23 2026.05.25 |
5 | 10 | 4 | N10E49 | 0010 | BXO | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S12088 area: 0030 location: N09E50 |
| 14449 | 2026.05.23 2026.05.25 |
3 | 7 | 3 | S10E50 | 0080 | DAO | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S12089 location: S10E49 |
| S12090 | 2026.05.23 | N09W43 | |||||||||
| S12091 | 2026.05.23 | 3 | S27E37 | 0004 | BXO |
 |
 |
||||
| 14448 | 2026.05.23 2026.05.25 |
4 | 10 | 7 | S07E55 | 0075 | DAO | DAO |
 |
 |
was AR S12092 |
| S12093 | 2026.05.23 | N05W13 | was AR S12085 | ||||||||
| S12094 | 2026.05.23 | S18W14 | |||||||||
| 14451 | 2026.05.25 | 3 | S16E65 | 0030 | CRO | trailing spot section of AR 14446 | |||||
| S12095 | 2026.05.25 | 3 | S14W60 | 0003 | BXO |
 |
|||||
| S12096 | 2026.05.25 | 11 | 3 | N04E17 | 0015 | BXO |
 |
||||
| Total spot count: | 32 | 144 | 64 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 132 | 304 | 194 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 73 | 182 | 102 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 145 | 167 | 155 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (SC25 peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.8 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 165.8 | 160.9 (+1.5) (SC25 solar max) | 18.99 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 155.7 | 139.8 (-6.4) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 163.7 | 162.1 | 134.2 | 135.9 (-3.9) | 15.96 |
| 2025.04 | 162.5 | 163.6 | 141.4 | 133.3 (-2.6) | 17.62 |
| 2025.05 | 135.3 | 138.3 | 78.5 | 128.6 (-4.7) | 17.26 |
| 2025.06 | 131.3 | 135.4 | 114.6 | 124.7 (-3.9) | 21.43 |
| 2025.07 | 137.8 | 142.3 | 125.9 | 122.4 (-2.3) | 11.80 |
| 2025.08 | 154.9 | 158.7 | 133.7 | 118.2 (-4.2) | 9.97 |
| 2025.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 129.7 | 112.9 (-5.3) | 14.02 |
| 2025.10 | 139.5 | 138.6 | 114.6 | 108.3 (-4.6) | 15.64 |
| 2025.11 | 140.3 | 137.3 | 91.7 | (105.8 projected, -2.5) | 21.01 |
| 2025.12 | 160.8 | 155.8 | 124.0 | (104.3 projected, -1.5) | 13.35 |
| 2026.01 | 148.7 | 144.0 | 112.6 | (100.4 projected, -3.9) | 22.47 |
| 2026.02 | 136.4 | 133.1 | 78.2 | (96.1 projected, -4.3) | 12.88 |
| 2026.03 | 131.0 | 129.7 | 85.9 | (91.5 projected, -4.6) | 15.44 |
| 2026.04 | 120.0 | 120.9 | 79.3 | (87.6 projected, -3.9) | 12.10 |
| 2026.05 | 121.7 (1) | 72.1 (2A) / 89.4 (2B) / 108.5 (2C) ISN average to date: 94. At this level the SSN for November 2025 will become 106.4 |
(86.4 projected, -1.2) | (9.5) | |
| 2026.06 | (84.3 projected, -2.1) | ||||
| 2026.07 | (79.9 projected, -4.4) | ||||
| 2026.08 | (77.7 projected, -2.2) | ||||
| 2026.09 | (76.8 projected, -0.9) | ||||
| 2026.10 | (74.8 projected, -2.0) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Solar activity appears to have exited the solar max phase as of February
2026 with a strong decrease in the number of sunspots observed. The northern
polar field has weakened considerably over the last months, and although
there is a chance the the field could recover over the next 1-2 years, there
is an increasing chance that solar cycle 26 will be very weak. The southern
polar field is not impressive either, however, a southern polar coronal hole
has formed early in 2026 and appears to be growing.
All 365 day smoothed sunspot numbers reached a maximum on October 11-12, 2024.
This became the peak of SC25 (365 day smoothed peaks: STAR 1K: 236.1, STAR 2K: 364.3, NOAA SN: 156.0, ISN: 163.9),
while the 365d
smoothed solar flux peaked on October 13, 2024, just 1.7% below the SC23
peak, and 62.6% above the SC24 peak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whichever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
