The geomagnetic field was at very quiet levels. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 319 and 412 km/sec, averaging 350 km/sec (-56 km/sec compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes was at very quiet levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels all day.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 137.1 - decreasing 19.2 over the previous solar rotation.
The 365 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 140.16 (183 days ago). The 81 day average solar flux at 1 AU was 124.0 (41 days ago, this is 34.7% of the total SC25 solar flux range from the max 81 day average peak on September 4, 2024 at 227.3 and an average 81 day flux of 69 at solar minimum). SC25 365d peak: 195.9 on October 13, 2024.
The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 2 (STAR Ap - based on the average of three hour interval ap indices: 1.9). Three hour interval K indices: 01100000 (planetary), 11211311 (Boulder), 11101000 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class B7 level (GOES 19).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 19 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 299) and in 15 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 197) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14439 [N07W27] was mostly quiet and stable.
C1 flares: C1.0 @ 12:43 UT
AR 14440 [N17W18] was quiet and stable.
AR 14441 [N08W74] decayed slowly in the trailing spot section and was mostly quiet.
C1 flares: C1.7 @ 15:02 UT
AR 14443 [S17W14] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR 14444 [S20E43] was quiet and stable. Note that SWPC mistakenly is
including the spots of AR S12083 in this AR.
New AR 14445 [N07E52] rotated into view on May 21 and was noticed by
SWPC 2 days later.
New AR 14446 [S14E72] rotated into view on May 22 and received its
NOAA number the following day. There is a small chance of a major flare as
the main penumbra is large and asymmetrical. C1 flares: C1.3 @ 03:27, C1.4 @
03:50, C1.9 @ 09:13, C1.3 @ 13:19 UT
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
AR S12074 [N17E14] was quiet and stable.
AR S12075 [S01W55] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR S12079 [N08E34] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR S12080 [N15W00] decayed slowly and quietly.
AR S12083 [S16E38] developed further and
was mostly quiet. C1 flares: C1.3 @ 17:30 UT
New AR S12088 [N09E72] rotated into view with small spots.
New AR S12089 [S11E78] rotated into view with mature spots.
New AR S12090 [N09W17] emerged with tiny spots.
New AR S12091 [S28E65] emerged with tiny spots.
New AR S12092 [S07E79] rotated into view with a few spots. C1 flares:
C1.6 @ 02:24, C1.3 @ 16:09, C1.6 @ 16:55, C1.8 @ 17:14, C1.3 @ 18:32 UT
New AR S12093 [N05E13] emerged with tiny spots.
New AR S12094 [S18E12] emerged with a tiny spot.
AR 14436 behind the northwest limb produced a C1.7 long duration event peaking at 06:32 UT
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C3.6 | 05:48 | southeast limb | 14446 | GOES18 | simultaneous flare in AR 14441 |
| C2.2 | 07:17 | southeast limb | 14446 | GOES18 | |
| C2.9 | 11:44 | southeast limb | 14446 | GOES18 | |
| C2.3 | 14:11 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C2.0 | 17:46 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C2.7 | 19:32 | 14441 | GOES18 | ||
| C2.8 | 19:55 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C2.9 | 21:05 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C2.6 | 21:27 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C3.1 | 21:36 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C5.5 | 22:04 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C2.6 | 22:32 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C2.1 | 22:49 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 | |
| C4.7 | 23:59 | southeast limb | S12092 | GOES18 |
May 21-23: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed in available coronagraph imagery.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent negative polarity southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1369) was Earth facing on May 23 and closed the same day. A negative polarity southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1370) could become Earth facing on May 25-26.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet levels on May 24-25. May 26-29 could see some unsettled and active intervals due to effects from CH1369 and CH1370.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14440 | 2026.05.15 2026.05.16 |
9 | 3 | N17W27 | 0020 | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S12067 location: N17W18 |
||
| 14439 | 2026.05.15 2026.05.16 |
1 | 8 | 3 | N06W29 | 0010 | HRX | CRO |
 |
 |
was AR S12068 location: N07W27 |
| 14441 | 2026.05.16 2026.05.16 |
9 | 14 | 5 | N09W71 | 0280 | EHI | EKO |
 |
 |
was AR S12069 area: 0500 location: N08W74 |
| 14443 | 2026.05.16 2026.05.17 |
8 | 13 | 7 | S16W18 | 0050 | DSO | DSI |
 |
 |
was AR S12070 area: 0100 location: S17W14 |
| S12071 | 2026.05.16 | N19W36 | |||||||||
| 14442 | 2026.05.17 2026.05.17 |
S15W42 |
was AR S12072 location: S17W37 |
||||||||
| S12074 | 2026.05.18 | 14 | 3 | N17E14 | 0025 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S12075 | 2026.05.18 | 1 | S01W55 | 0001 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S12077 | 2026.05.20 | S27W00 | |||||||||
| 14444 | 2026.05.20 2026.05.21 |
5 | 4 | 1 | S19E38 | 0130 | DSO | HSX |
 |
 |
was AR S12078 area: 0210 location: S20E43 SWPC has failed to observe that AR S12083 is a separate AR and they include those spots in this AR |
| S12079 | 2026.05.20 | 4 | 2 | N08E34 | 0007 | AXX |
 |
 |
|||
| S12080 | 2026.05.20 | 1 | N15W00 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| S12081 | 2026.05.20 | N22W21 |
 |
||||||||
| 14445 | 2026.05.21 2026.05.23 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N07E48 | 0020 | HRX | HRX |
 |
 |
was AR S12082 area: 0040 location: N07E52 |
| S12083 | 2026.05.21 | 14 | 8 | S16E38 | 0100 | DAI |
 |
 |
|||
| S12084 | 2026.05.21 | S13E04 |
 |
||||||||
| S12086 | 2026.05.21 | S02W47 | |||||||||
| 14446 | 2026.05.22 2026.05.23 |
2 | 8 | 5 | S13E75 | 0170 | DAO | CKO |
 |
 |
was AR S12087 area: 0540 location: S14E72 |
| S12088 | 2026.05.23 | 2 | 2 | N09E72 | 0015 | HRX |
 |
||||
| S12089 | 2026.05.23 | 2 | 2 | S11E78 | 0100 | HAX |
 |
||||
| S12090 | 2026.05.23 | 4 | 2 | N09W17 | 0015 | DRO |
 |
||||
| S12091 | 2026.05.23 | 3 | 1 | S28E65 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
||||
| S12092 | 2026.05.23 | 3 | 2 | S07E79 | 0030 | CRO |
 |
||||
| S12093 | 2026.05.23 | 3 | N05E13 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
was AR S12085 | ||||
| S12094 | 2026.05.23 | 1 | S18E12 | 0001 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 26 | 109 | 47 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 86 | 299 | 197 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 57 | 164 | 102 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 95 | 164 | 158 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (SC25 peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.8 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 165.8 | 160.9 (+1.5) (SC25 solar max) | 18.99 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 155.7 | 139.8 (-6.4) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 163.7 | 162.1 | 134.2 | 135.9 (-3.9) | 15.96 |
| 2025.04 | 162.5 | 163.6 | 141.4 | 133.3 (-2.6) | 17.62 |
| 2025.05 | 135.3 | 138.3 | 78.5 | 128.6 (-4.7) | 17.26 |
| 2025.06 | 131.3 | 135.4 | 114.6 | 124.7 (-3.9) | 21.43 |
| 2025.07 | 137.8 | 142.3 | 125.9 | 122.4 (-2.3) | 11.80 |
| 2025.08 | 154.9 | 158.7 | 133.7 | 118.2 (-4.2) | 9.97 |
| 2025.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 129.7 | 112.9 (-5.3) | 14.02 |
| 2025.10 | 139.5 | 138.6 | 114.6 | 108.3 (-4.6) | 15.64 |
| 2025.11 | 140.3 | 137.3 | 91.7 | (105.8 projected, -2.5) | 21.01 |
| 2025.12 | 160.8 | 155.8 | 124.0 | (104.3 projected, -1.5) | 13.35 |
| 2026.01 | 148.7 | 144.0 | 112.6 | (100.4 projected, -3.9) | 22.47 |
| 2026.02 | 136.4 | 133.1 | 78.2 | (96.1 projected, -4.3) | 12.88 |
| 2026.03 | 131.0 | 129.7 | 85.9 | (91.5 projected, -4.6) | 15.44 |
| 2026.04 | 120.0 | 120.9 | 79.3 | (87.6 projected, -3.9) | 12.10 |
| 2026.05 | 120.5 (1) | 65.1 (2A) / 87.7 (2B) / 107.9 (2C) ISN average to date: 92. At this level the SSN for November 2025 will become 106.4 |
(86.4 projected, -1.2) | (9.8) | |
| 2026.06 | (84.3 projected, -2.1) | ||||
| 2026.07 | (79.9 projected, -4.4) | ||||
| 2026.08 | (77.7 projected, -2.2) | ||||
| 2026.09 | (76.8 projected, -0.9) | ||||
| 2026.10 | (74.8 projected, -2.0) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Solar activity appears to have exited the solar max phase as of February
2026 with a strong decrease in the number of sunspots observed. The northern
polar field has weakened considerably over the last months, and although
there is a chance the the field could recover over the next 1-2 years, there
is an increasing chance that solar cycle 26 will be very weak. The southern
polar field is not impressive either, however, a southern polar coronal hole
has formed early in 2026 and appears to be growing.
All 365 day smoothed sunspot numbers reached a maximum on October 11-12, 2024.
This became the peak of SC25 (365 day smoothed peaks: STAR 1K: 236.1, STAR 2K: 364.3, NOAA SN: 156.0, ISN: 163.9),
while the 365d
smoothed solar flux peaked on October 13, 2024, just 1.7% below the SC23
peak, and 62.6% above the SC24 peak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whichever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
