The geomagnetic field was at unsettled to minor storm levels on March 12 under the influence of effects related to CH1275. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 420 and 629 km/sec, averaging 512 km/sec (+36 km/sec compared to the previous day). The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded active to severe storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 160.3 - decreasing 18.3 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 194.10. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50 while SC23 peaked on February 23, 2002 at 198.15. Current SC25 peak: 194.10 on September 11, 2024 (subtracting a baseline solar flux level of 65, this is +60.37% compared to the SC24 peak and -3.04% compared to the SC23 peak). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 31 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 31.1). Three hour interval K indices: 43344555 (planetary), 34445544 (Boulder), 55544675 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 18).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 17 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 352) and in 14 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 229) SDO/HMI images.
AR 14012 [S14W84] decayed slowly and was mostly quiet.
C1 flares: C1.5 @ 06:03, C1.7 @ 07:50, C1.6 @ 17:02, C1.7 @ 22:04, C1.7 @
22:28 UT
AR 14018 [S20W12] was mostly quiet and stable.
AR 14019 [N05E04] still has a magnetic delta and is producing
occasional low level C flares. Some decay was observed in the trailing spot
section as well as penumbral fragmentation in the leading spot section. C1
flares: C1.2 @ 01:30 UT
AR 14020 [N19E25] was quiet and stable.
AR 14021 [S05E44] has a small magnetic delta in the southwestern part
of the largest penumbra. An M flare is possible even though slow decay was
observed. C1 flares: C1.5 @ 05:35, C1.4 @ 13:25 UT
AR 14022 [N08E32] decayed slowly and was mostly quiet.
AR 14023 [N25E46] was quiet and stable.
AR 14024 [N06W69] decayed slowly and was mostly quiet. C1 flares:
C1.9 @ 04:29, C1.8 @ 04:35, C1.5 @ 06:20 UT
New AR 14025 [N10E45] emerged on March 11 and developed slowly on
March 11 when it was numbered by SWPC.
New AR 14026 [S20E52] emerged on March 11 and received its NOAA
number the next day as the region gained spots and lost the magnetic delta.
C1 flares: C1.5 @ 10:39 UT
New AR 14027 [N11W22] emerged on March 8 and was noticed 4 days later
by SWPC. C1 flares: C1.8 @ 19:45 UT
New AR 14028 [S17E80] rotated into view and appears to be a compact
spot group. The region was very active during the day and produced many C
flares. C1 flares. C1.5 @ 01:45, C1.5 @ 05:46, C1.6 @ 07:09, C1.3 @ 11:52,
C1.9 @ 15:35, C1.6 @ 17:36, C1.8 @ 22:21 UT
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S10873 [S10W27] was quiet and stable.
S10883 [S10E28] developed slowly and quietly.
New region S10886 [N18W43] emerged before noon with a few
spots, then decayed slowly.
New region S10887 [S03W01] was observed with tiny spots in an old
plage area.
New region S10888 [S14E72] rotated into view
with a tiny spot.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C2.0 | 02:19 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C8.7 | 02:31 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.8 | 03:02 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.7 | 03:44 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.4 | 03:57 | 14021 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.5 | 04:03 | behind southwest limb | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 04:57 | 14022 | GOES16 | simultaneous flares in AR 14021 and behind the southwest limb | |
| C2.0 | 06:28 | 14012 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.2 | 07:37 | 14028 | GOES16 | smaller simultaneous flare in AR 14024 | |
| C2.1 | 08:14 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.3 | 08:48 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.7 | 09:48 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 11:10 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 11:59 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.9 | 12:17 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.7 | 12:24 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.0 | 12:35 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.9 | 14:58 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.0 | 18:39 | S17E89 | 14028 | GOES16 | |
| C2.4 | 19:33 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.8 | 20:12 | 14012 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.5 | 20:35 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.4 | 21:36 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 21:42 | 14028 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 23:27 | 14028 | GOES16 |
March 10-12: No obviously Earth directed CMEs.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent southern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1275) rotated across the central meridian on March 9-10. A southern hemisphere negative polarity coronal hole (CH1276) will likely become Earth facing on March 13.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is fair.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to active levels on March 13-14 due to effects from CH1275 and mostly quiet on March 15-16. March 17 could see some unsettled and active intervals due to effects associated with CH1276.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96
hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the
next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
STAR | SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 14012 | 2025.03.01 2025.03.02 |
8 | 6 | 3 | S14W84 | 0080 | CAI | CAO |
 |
 |
was AR S10847 |
| 14013 | 2025.03.01 2025.03.02 |
S04W89 | was AR S10848 | ||||||||
| 14016 | 2025.03.03 2025.03.04 |
S25W60 |
was AR S10858 location: S26W56 |
||||||||
| 14017 | 2025.03.04 2025.03.05 |
S05W43 |
was AR S10860 location: S04W34 |
||||||||
| S10863 | 2025.03.04 | N11W40 | |||||||||
| 14018 | 2025.03.05 2025.03.05 |
9 | 20 | 9 | S21W09 | 0110 | CSO | CSO |
 |
 |
area: 0200 location: S20W12 |
| 14019 | 2025.03.06 2025.03.07 |
15 | 41 | 26 | N06E04 | 0210 | DAC | DAC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta was AR S10866 area: 0370 location: N05E04 |
| 14020 | 2025.03.08 2025.03.09 |
1 | 3 | 2 | N19E23 | 0050 | HSX | CSO |
 |
 |
was AR S10870 location: N19E25 area: 0100 |
| 14027 | 2025.03.08 2025.03.12 |
3 | 5 | 2 | N11W21 | 0010 | BXO | CRO |
 |
 |
was AR S10871 area: 0025 location: N11W22 |
| S10872 | 2025.03.08 | S14W56 | |||||||||
| S10873 | 2025.03.08 | 4 | S10W27 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
 |
||||
| 14021 | 2025.03.09 2025.03.10 |
7 | 23 | 9 | S06E42 | 0100 | CAI | DKC |
 |
 |
beta-delta was AR S10876 area: 0270 location: S05E44 reversed polarities |
| S10877 | 2025.03.09 | S13W23 | |||||||||
| 14024 | 2025.03.10 2025.03.11 |
3 | 2 | N05W69 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
 |
was AR S10878 location: N06W69 |
||
| 14023 | 2025.03.10 2025.03.11 |
1 | 3 | 1 | N25E45 | 0030 | HSX | HAX |
 |
 |
was AR S10879 area: 0100 location: N25E46 |
| S10880 | 2025.03.10 | N18E54 |
 |
||||||||
| 14022 | 2025.03.10 2025.03.11 |
6 | 16 | 8 | N08E33 | 0030 | DRO | DAO |
 |
 |
was AR S10881 area: 0080 location: N08E32 |
| 14026 | 2025.03.11 2025.03.12 |
3 | 9 | 7 | S20E50 | 0010 | BXO | DRI |
 |
 |
was AR S10882 location: S20E52 |
| S10883 | 2025.03.11 | 17 | 5 | S10E28 | 0030 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| 14025 | 2025.03.11 2025.03.12 |
7 | 18 | 10 | N10E44 | 0010 | BXI | DAI |
 |
 |
was AR S10884 location: N10E45 area: 0110 |
| S10885 | 2025.03.11 | N05W52 |
 |
||||||||
| S10886 | 2025.03.12 | 3 | N18W43 | 0003 | BXO |
 |
|||||
| S10887 | 2025.03.12 | 4 | S03W01 | 0006 | BXO |
 |
|||||
| S10888 | 2025.03.12 | 1 | 1 | S14E72 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
||||
| 14028 | 2025.03.12 2025.03.12 |
6 | 4 | S17E80 | 0220 | DAC? |
 |
beta-delta? SWPC numbered the AR based on flare activity |
|||
| Total spot count: | 60 | 182 | 89 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 160 | 352 | 229 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 93 | 238 | 140 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 176 | 194 | 183 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | 124.0 (-0.3) | 14.26 |
| 2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.9 | 124.8 (+0.8) | 8.16 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 107.1 | 127.9 (+3.1) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 113.5 | 129.5 (+1.6) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 126.0 | 131.2 (+1.7) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 123.0 | 136.9 (+5.7) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 103.7 | 141.4 (+4.5) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 137.0 | 144.5 (+3.1) | 9.69 |
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 172.1 | 149.1 (+4.6) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.06 | 184.3 | 190.2 | 164.1 | 152.7 (+3.6) | 10.24 |
| 2024.07 | 196.6 | 203.0 | 196.8 | 154.9 (+2.3) | 7.13 |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (cycle peak) |
252.2 | 216.0 (SC25 peak) | 156.7 (+1.8) | 15.96 |
| 2024.09 | 195.7 | 197.8 | 141.1 | (159.5 projected, +2.8) | 15.36 |
| 2024.10 | 221.0 | 219.6 | 166.4 | (160.6 projected, +1.1) | 18.99 |
| 2024.11 | 199.6 | 195.3 | 152.5 | (158.0 projected, -2.6) | 9.33 |
| 2024.12 | 197.3 | 191.2 | 154.5 | (154.2 projected, -3.8) | 8.42 |
| 2025.01 | 190.3 | 184.2 | 137.0 | (148.7 projected, -5.5) | 13.17 |
| 2025.02 | 184.2 | 179.7 | 154.7 | (140.2 projected, -8.5) | 14.42 |
| 2025.03 | 153.9 (1) | 45.1 (2A) / 116.4 (2B) / 172.5 (2C) | (133.8 projected, -6.4) | (13.5) | |
| 2025.04 | (129.2 projected, -4.6) | ||||
| 2025.05 | (123.9 projected, -5.3) | ||||
| 2025.06 | (119.0 projected, -4.9) | ||||
| 2025.07 | (114.9 projected, -4.1) | ||||
| 2025.08 | (110.2 projected, -4.7) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 27 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Sunspot activity has been on a slowly decreasing trend since September 2024 (using the average solar flux over 3 solar rotations as a proxy). Currently all 365 days smoothed indices are still indicating that a peak occurred on October 12 or 13, 2024. Should sunspot activity decrease even further then there is a possibility that the peak may have taken place in September 2024. Any peak outside of September-October 2024 appears unlikely. The 365 days average solar flux is likely to max out ~2% below the peak of solar cycle 23. The maximum 365d smoothed solar flux of SC23 and SC25 are similar, however, sunspot numbers were significantly lower during SC25 compared to SC23.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
