The geomagnetic field was at quiet to unsettled levels on October 16 due to effects from CH1246 and CH1247. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 395 and 504 km/sec. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded unsettled to minor storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 167.7 - increasing 6.5 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 179.92. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50. Current SC25 peak: 179.92 on April 16, 2024). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 14 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 13.6). Three hour interval K indices: 23333333 (planetary), 22434432 (Boulder), 43333455 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 15 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 315) and in 13 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 208) SDO/HMI images.
AR 13852 [S11W51] decayed slowly and produced C and M flares,
mostly in conjunction with AR 13854. C1 flares: C1.9 @ 09:20 UT
AR 13854 [S05W45] developed slowly in the leading spot section and
produced C and M flares. C1 flares: C1.7 @ 10:42, C1.8 @ 11:52, C1.7 @ 22:19
UT
AR 13855 [N16W75] was nearly spotless at noon, then new flux emerged
and spots formed.
AR 13856 [N09W08] developed fairly quickly and has become a complex,
compact spot group with a magnetic delta configuration. An M class flare is
possible.
AR 13857 [S07E44] was quiet and stable.
AR 13858 [S16E35] was mostly quiet and stable.
AR 13859 [S11E13] developed slowly and quietly.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S10213 [S11W35] reemerged with tiny spots.
S10230 [N12E05] was quiet and stable.
S10231 [N15W05] was quiet and stable.
New region S10243 [S01W48] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10244 [S03E20] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10245 [S07E28] emerged with tiny spots.
New region S10246 [S26W02] emerged with tiny
spots.
New region S10247 [S21W16] was observed with tiny spots in an old
plage area.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C4.0 | 00:24 | N11E04 | 13856 | GOES16 | |
| C3.0 | 01:13 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.0 | 01:42 | 13852 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.0 | 01:58 | S11W35 | 13852 | GOES16 | |
| C3.5 | 02:12 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.9 | 02:38 | 13852 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.5 | 02:48 | S14W34 | 13852 | GOES16 | |
| M3.0 | 03:19 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| M3.7 | 03:23 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| M2.2 | 03:31 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| M3.7 | 03:46 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| M2.9 | 03:56 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.3 | 05:04 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| M2.8/1N | 05:15 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.6 | 07:45 | 13852 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.1 | 10:59 | N09W01 | 13856 | GOES16 | |
| C2.5 | 11:09 | S04W42 | 13854 | GOES16 | |
| C3.0 | 13:00 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.5/1B | 13:27 | S09W44 | 13854 | GOES16 | |
| C6.1 | 14:15 | 13852 | GOES16 | ||
| C7.6 | 14:23 | 13852 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.3/1N | 14:41 | S09W43 | 13854 | GOES16 | |
| M1.3 | 15:00 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C6.1 | 15:38 | N10W03 | 13856 | GOES16 | simultaneous flare in AR 13854 |
| C2.2 | 17:16 | 13856 | GOES16 | ||
| C7.1 | 17:45 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.9 | 17:51 | 13854 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 21:55 | 13856 | GOES16 |
October 15-17: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
[Coronal
hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1246) was in an Earth facing position on October 12. A large positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1247) will rotate across the central meridian on October 14-16. Another positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1248) will probably become Earth facing on October 18-19.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor to fair.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to unsettled levels on October 16 due to weak effects from CH1246. Quiet levels are likely on October 17. Effects from CH1247 could cause quiet to active levels on October 18-20, while effects from CH1248 could extend that activity level until October 22.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could
reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived
the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96
hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the
next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13852 | 2024.10.06 | 7 | 10 | 6 | S11W51 | 0250 | CKO | CKO |
 |
 |
area: 0400 |
| 13853 | 2024.10.08 2024.10.10 |
N22W47 |
location: N20W47 |
||||||||
| S10213 | 2024.10.08 | 5 | S11W35 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
|||||
| 13854 | 2024.10.08 2024.10.10 |
25 | 28 | 15 | S06W47 | 0300 | EKI | EAC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta area: 0390 location: S05W45 |
| S10216 | 2024.10.09 | S15W20 | |||||||||
| 13856 | 2024.10.10 2024.10.13 |
18 | 34 | 21 | N10W05 | 0150 | DAI | DAC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta location: N10W08 area: 0420 |
| 13855 | 2024.10.12 2024.10.13 |
6 | 10 | 4 | N15W76 | 0020 | CRO | CRI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma area: 0040 |
| S10230 | 2024.10.12 | 6 | 3 | N12E05 | 0015 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S10231 | 2024.10.12 | 9 | 2 | N15W05 | 0030 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S10232 | 2024.10.12 | N27W40 | |||||||||
| 13858 | 2024.10.13 2024.10.14 |
2 | 12 | 5 | S15E33 | 0020 | HAX | CRO |
 |
 |
area: 0040 location: S16E35 |
| S10234 | 2024.10.13 | S07W06 |
 |
||||||||
| 13857 | 2024.10.13 2024.10.14 |
2 | 9 | 4 | S07E38 | 0100 | DSO | DSO |
 |
 |
location: S07E44 area: 0180 SWPC position is way off |
| S10236 | 2024.10.13 | N02W15 | |||||||||
| S10237 | 2024.10.13 | N32W01 |
 |
||||||||
| S10238 | 2024.10.13 | S15W20 | |||||||||
| 13859 | 2024.10.15 2024.10.15 |
5 | 17 | 9 | S12E11 | 0040 | DAO | DRO |
 |
 |
location: S11E13 |
| S10240 | 2024.10.15 | N25E18 |
 |
||||||||
| S10241 | 2024.10.15 | N05E39 |
 |
||||||||
| S10242 | 2024.10.15 | S30E46 |
 |
||||||||
| S10243 | 2024.10.16 | 10 | 6 | S01W48 | 0020 | CRO |
 |
||||
| S10244 | 2024.10.16 | 4 | 1 | S03E20 | 0008 | BXO |
 |
||||
| S10245 | 2024.10.16 | 3 | S07E28 | 0005 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| S10246 | 2024.10.16 | 4 | 1 | S26W02 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
||||
| S10247 | 2024.10.16 | 4 | 1 | S21W16 | 0010 | BXO |
 |
||||
| Total spot count: | 65 | 165 | 78 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 135 | 315 | 208 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 108 | 202 | 115 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 149 | 173 | 166 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2023.01 | 182.4 | 176.6 | 144.4 | 113.3 (+6.6) | 8.73 |
| 2023.02 | 167.2 | 163.2 | 111.3 | 117.8 (+3.5) | 14.48 |
| 2023.03 | 157.2 | 155.6 | 123.3 | 121.1 (+3.3) | 14.42 |
| 2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 97.6 | 122.9 (+1.8) | 13.40 |
| 2023.05 | 155.6 | 159.2 | 137.4 | 124.2 (+1.3) | 10.67 |
| 2023.06 | 161.7 | 166.8 | 160.5 | 125.3 (+1.1) | 8.95 |
| 2023.07 | 176.4 | 182.2 | 160.0 | 124.6 (-0.7) | 8.15 |
| 2023.08 | 153.7 | 157.6 | 114.8 | 124.3 (-0.3) | 7.19 |
| 2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | 124.0 (-0.3) | 14.26 |
| 2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.4 | 124.8 (+0.8) | 8.16 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 105.4 | 127.8 (+3.0) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 114.2 | 129.4 (+1.6) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 126.0 | 131.1 (+1.7) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 123.0 | 136.8 (+5.7) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 103.7 | 141.3 (+4.5) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 136.5 | (145.3 projected, +4.0) | 9.69 |
| 2024.05 | 187.7 | 191.9 | 171.7 | (151.6 projected, +6.3) | 23.56 (SC25 peak) |
| 2024.06 | 184.3 | 190.2 | 164.2 | (155.5 projected, +3.9) | 10.24 |
| 2024.07 | 196.6 |
203.0 | 196.5 | (158.4 projected, +2.9) | 7.13 |
| 2024.08 | 246.1 (cycle peak) |
252.2 | 215.5 (SC25 peak) | (160.4 projected, +2.0) | 15.96 |
| 2024.09 | 195.7 | 197.8 | 141.4 | (163.1 projected, +2.7) | 15.36 |
| 2024.10 | 232.0 (1) | 80.0 (2A) / 155.1 (2B) / 199.3 (2C) | (165.4 projected, +2.3) | (27.7) | |
| 2024.11 | (163.7 projected, -1.7) | ||||
| 2024.12 | (160.7 projected, -3.0) | ||||
| 2025.01 | (156.3 projected, -4.4) | ||||
| 2025.02 | (149.6 projected, -6.7) | ||||
| 2025.03 | (144.8 projected, -4.8) | ||||
| 2025.04 | (141.6 projected, -3.2) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value
at 2800 MHz and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap
indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
September 2024 saw a significant decrease in sunspot numbers compared to the previous month, however, activity was still fairly high. The average solar flux for the month ranks as number 3 of all months during SC25. Taking into account that we started seeing high sunspot numbers April 14, 2024, the most likely candidate for solar maximum would be at or just after October 14, 2024. Assuming that the average sunspot number from now until April 14, 2025 becomes 150, we would be looking at a 365 days smoothed sunspot maximum of 164.5 centered on October 14. Should the average sunspot number for that period become 160 we would get a peak near 169.7.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
