The geomagnetic field was at quiet to severe storm levels on May 2 due to CME effects. A solar wind shock was observed at DSCOVR at 13:17 UT. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to severe storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels at the end of the day.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 141.9 - increasing 21.4 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 158.48. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50. Current SC25 peak: 158.71 on October 28, 2023). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 42 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 42.5). Three hour interval K indices: 22235774 (planetary), 22345654 (Boulder), 31135574 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class B9 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 14 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 305) and in 12 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 206) SDO/HMI images.
Region 13654 [S08W82] decayed and rotated
mostly out of view. Flare activity was much reduced compared to recent days.
C1 flares: C1.0 @ 00:34 UT
Region 13655 [S27W83] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13660 [N11W04] was quiet and stable.
Region 13661 [N23E26] was quiet and stable.
Region 13662 [N29W14] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13663 [N26E09] developed further and has a strong magnetic
delta in southern central spot section. Magnetic shear is high and further
major flares are possible. The spot group produced an X1.6/1B flare at 02:22
UT on May 3. C1 flares: C1.3 @ 03:27, C1.3 @ 04:24, C1.3 @ 05:01, C1.4 @
06:04 UT
Region 13664 [S19E55] developed slowly and produced many C and M
flares. The region has significant polarity intermixing. An M2.7/1N flare
was recorded at 00:15 UT on May 3. C1 flares: C1.6 @ 01:30, C1.3 @ 01:51,
C1.9 @ 20:48 UT
New region 13665 [S05E71] rotated into view on May 2and was numbered
the next day by SWPC.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S9637 [S13W25] was quiet and stable.
S9660 [N10E42] was quiet and stable.
S9661 [S24E10] was quiet and stable.
New region S9666 [N07E30] emerged with many small and tiny spots.
New region S9667 [S08E82] rotated into view with a small spot.
New region S9668 [N12E15] emerged with tiny spots.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| M1.0 | 02:17 | N25E23 | 13663 | GOES16 | |
| C2.6 | 02:43 | 13664 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 09:01 | N24E18 | 13663 | GOES16 | |
| C2.5 | 09:18 | 13654 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.3 | 09:51 | 13663 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.3 | 10:30 | 13654 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 10:53 | 13664 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 11:16 | 13664 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 11:52 | 13663 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.9 | 12:14 | 13663 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.3 | 13:39 | 13664 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.7 | 13:57 | N24E14 | 13663 | GOES16 | |
| C2.3 | 15:20 | 13655 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 16:12 | 13663 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.7 | 16:27 | S20E64 | 13664 | GOES16 | |
| C6.3 | 17:00 | S22E63 | 13664 | GOES16 | |
| C3.2 | 17:28 | 13664 | GOES16 | ||
| C8.7 | 17:32 | S20E64 | 13664 | GOES16 | |
| C2.7 | 18:19 | 13663 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.5 | 18:26 | 13663 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.0 | 18:56 | S20E64 | 13664 | GOES16 | |
| M2.7 | 20:57 | 13664 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.0 | 23:19 | S21E59 | 13664 | GOES16 | |
| C3.6 | 23:29 | N23E11 | 13663 | GOES16 |
April 30, May 2: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
May 1: A partial halo CME was observed after a very long duration
event to the south of AR 13654. Components of this CME could reach Earth on
May 4.
[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1218) was Earth facing on April 30. A positive polarity northern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1219) was Earth facing on May 1-2. A positive polarity trans equatorial coronal hole (CH1220) will rotate across the central meridian on May 3.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet to unsettled on May 3 due to effects from CH1218 A disturbance related to CH1219 could cause quiet to active conditions on May 4-5. The May 1 CME could reach Earth on May 4 and cause unsettled to minor storm conditions. Effects from CH1220 will likely cause quiet to active conditions on May 6.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole
could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed
stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13654 | 2024.04.20 2024.04.21 |
6 | 3 | 2 | S07W90 | 0240 | EAI | HRX |
 |
 |
location: S08W82 area: 0080 |
| 13655 | 2024.04.21 | 1 | 1 | 1 | S26W83 | 0020 | HRX | HRX |
 |
 |
location: S27W83 area: 0006 |
| 13656 | 2024.04.21 2024.04.21 |
S12W77 | location: S13W72 | ||||||||
| 13659 | 2024.04.24 2024.04.25 |
S13W64 | |||||||||
| S9637 | 2024.04.25 | 7 | S13W25 | 0012 | BXO |
 |
 |
||||
| S9638 | 2024.04.25 | N04W48 | |||||||||
| S9639 | 2024.04.25 | N05W29 | |||||||||
| S9641 | 2024.04.26 | N04W54 | |||||||||
| 13660 | 2024.04.26 2024.04.27 |
3 | 2 | N11W05 | 0007 | AXX |
 |
 |
location: N11W04 | ||
| S9646 | 2024.04.27 | S12W44 | |||||||||
| 13662 | 2024.04.27 2024.04.29 |
11 | 19 | 9 | N30W15 | 0090 | DAO | EAO |
 |
 |
area: 0130 location: N29W14 |
| 13661 | 2024.04.28 2024.04.29 |
5 | 9 | 6 | N22E27 | 0050 | CSO | DSO |
 |
 |
area: 0060 location: N23E26 |
| S9651 | 2024.04.28 | N06W30 | |||||||||
| 13663 | 2024.04.29 2024.04.30 |
18 | 52 | 30 | N26E10 | 0230 | DAC | EKC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta location: N26E09 area: 0610 |
| S9653 | 2024.04.29 | S04W12 | |||||||||
| 13664 | 2024.04.30 2024.05.01 |
13 | 34 | 22 | S18E52 | 0120 | DAI | EAI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma area: 0300 location: S19E55 |
| S9656 | 2024.04.30 | S04W54 |
 |
||||||||
| S9657 | 2024.04.30 | 1 | N30W45 |
 |
|||||||
| S9658 | 2024.04.30 | N12W28 | |||||||||
| S9659 | 2024.04.30 | N20E08 | |||||||||
| S9660 | 2024.04.30 | 9 | 2 | N10E42 | 0015 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S9661 | 2024.04.30 | 5 | 2 | S24E10 | 0010 | AXX |
 |
 |
|||
| S9662 | 2024.05.01 | N20E06 |
 |
||||||||
| S9664 | 2024.05.01 | S28W48 |
 |
||||||||
| 13665 | 2024.05.01 2024.05.02 |
1 | 2 | 2 | S05E71 | 0010 | AXX | HRX |
 |
 |
area: 0020 |
| S9666 | 2024.05.02 | 15 | 6 | N07E30 | 0070 | DRI |
 |
|
|||
| S9667 | 2024.05.02 | 2 | 1 | S08E82 | 0010 | HRX |
 |
|
|||
| S9668 | 2024.05.02 | 4 | N12E15 | 0008 | BXO |
 |
|
||||
| Total spot count: | 55 | 165 | 86 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 125 | 305 | 206 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 83 | 205 | 126 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 138 | 168 | 165 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2022.10 | 133.5 | 132.7 | 95.5 | 98.9 (+2.4) | 11.16 |
| 2022.11 | 123.4 | 120.7 | 80.5 | 101.2 (+2.3) | 9.33 |
| 2022.12 | 147.9 | 143.4 | 112.8 | 106.7 (+5.5) | 10.99 |
| 2023.01 | 182.4 | 176.6 | 144.4 | 113.3 (+6.6) | 8.73 |
| 2023.02 | 167.2 | 163.2 | 111.3 | 117.8 (+3.5) | 14.48 (current SC25 peak) |
| 2023.03 | 157.2 | 155.6 | 123.3 | 121.1 (+3.3) | 14.42 |
| 2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 97.6 | 122.9 (+1.8) | 13.40 |
| 2023.05 | 155.6 | 159.2 | 137.4 | 124.2 (+1.3) | 10.67 |
| 2023.06 | 161.7 | 166.8 | 160.5 | 125.3 (+1.1) (SC25 solar max candidate) |
8.95 |
| 2023.07 | 176.4 | 182.2 | 160.0 | 124.4 (-0.9) | 8.15 |
| 2023.08 | 153.7 | 157.6 | 114.8 | 124.1 (-0.3) | 7.19 |
| 2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | 123.9 (-0.2) | 14.26 |
| 2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.4 | 124.8 (+0.9) | 8.16 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 105.4 | (125.2 projected, +0.4) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 114.2 | (121.9 projected, -3.3) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 123.0 | (118.5 projected, -3.4) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 124.7 | (117.7 projected, -0.8) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 104.9 | (117.1 projected, -0.6) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 161.3 | 162.6 | 136.5 | (117.1 projected, -0.0) | 9.5 |
| 2024.05 | 138.4 (1) | 7.4 (2A) / 114.5 (2B) / 170.0 (2C) | (118.3 projected, +1.2) | (25.1) | |
| 2024.06 | (117.4 projected, -0.9) | ||||
| 2024.07 | (115.7 projected, -1.7) | ||||
| 2024.08 | (113.8 projected, -1.9) | ||||
| 2024.09 | (112.5 projected, -1.3) | ||||
| 2024.10 | (111.1 projected, -1.4) | ||||
| 2024.11 | (108.6 projected, -2.5) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz
and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
The big increase in sunspot counts during the April 14-27 interval caused a major uptick in the smoothed SNs and solar flux. It's not yet clear when the next peak will be, anytime between October 28 and December 20, 2023 looks possible. The 365d smoothed solar flux exceeded the June 27 peak on October 28, while the 365d smoothed ISN and NOAA SN both exceeded the June 2023 peak in late October 2023. It should be noted that the current peak using 13-month smoothing is still in June 2023.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
