The geomagnetic field was quiet on February 24. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 298 and 397 km/sec. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to unsettled levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels at the end of the day. A weak solar wind shock was recorded at SOHO at 16:19 UT, likely the arrival of the February 21 CME. The field was weakly disturbed after the shock arrival.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 179.2 - increasing 38.1 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 157.29. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50. Current SC25 peak: 158.71 on June 27, 2023). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 6 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 5.8). Three hour interval K indices: 11112222 (planetary), 10112312 (Boulder), 30012233 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 12 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 270) and in 9 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 166) SDO/HMI images.
Region 13586 [N27W56] was quiet and stable.
Region 13590 [N18W00] developed gaining area and spots. The very
large leader penumbra has several magnetic delta structures. The highest
magnetic shear appears to be at the eastern edge where opposite polarity
umbrae are located very close to each other. An X class flare, maybe even an
X10+ flare, is possible. C1 flares: C1.9 @ 07:31, C1.9 @ 22:25, C1.9 @ 23:05
UT
Region 13591 [S36E59] was quiet and stable.
Region 13592 [S13E57] was quiet and stable.
Region 13594 [N04E55] was mostly quiet and stable.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S9445 [S20E17] was quiet and stable.
S9451 [N20E58] developed slowly and quietly.
S9452 [S08E46] was quiet and stable.
New region S9453 [S15E73] rotated into view with a small spot.
New region S9454 [N08E65] emerged near the northeast limb with
a tiny spot.
New region S9455 [N07W09] emerged with a tiny spot.
New region S9456 [S16W20] emerged with tiny spots.
C2+ flares:
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C3.7 | 00:26 | behind northwest limb | GOES16 | ||
| C3.5 | 01:05 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.5 | 01:36 | 13594 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.9 | 03:52 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.3 | 04:35 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.3 | 05:34 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.0 | 06:17 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| M4.5 | 06:34 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.4 | 08:11 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.4 | 08:17 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.3 | 09:13 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 10:27 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| M2.2 | 10:57 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| M3.6 | 11:18 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| M1.0 | 11:59 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.9 | 12.29 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.6 | 12.49 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.2 | 13:44 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 14:16 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C3.9 | 14:45 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.5 | 15:29 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.7 | 16:41 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.1 | 16:48 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C5.8 | 17:25 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C7.8 | 17:56 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.4 | 19:22 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C4.3 | 20:29 | 13590 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.3 | 20:55 | 13590 | GOES16 |
February 22-24: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1202) was in an Earth facing position on February 21-24.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is fair. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet to unsettled on February 25-27, initially due to CME effects then due to effects from CH1202.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole
could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed
stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13587 | 2024.02.13 2024.02.15 |
S20W86 | location: S21W79 | ||||||||
| 13586 | 2024.02.13 2024.02.15 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N27W58 | 0080 | HSX | HSX |
 |
 |
area: 0120 location: N27W56 |
| S9432 | 2024.02.17 | S21W49 | |||||||||
| 13590 | 2024.02.18 2024.02.18 |
45 | 107 | 55 | N18W01 | 1400 | FKC | FKC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta area: 1660 |
| S9438 | 2024.02.19 | N13W41 | 0010 |
 |
|||||||
| S9439 | 2024.02.19 | S27W59 | |||||||||
| S9441 | 2024.02.20 | N02W49 | |||||||||
| S9444 | 2024.02.21 | S19W32 | |||||||||
| S9445 | 2024.02.21 | 5 | 1 | S20E17 | 0012 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| 13593 | 2024.02.22 2024.02.23 |
S07W84 |
 |
location: S06W80 | |||||||
| 13591 | 2024.02.22 2024.02.23 |
1 | 2 | 2 | S36E60 | 0040 | HSX | CSO |
 |
 |
location: S36E59 area: 0120 |
| 13592 | 2024.02.22 2024.02.23 |
5 | 13 | 7 | S12E58 | 0140 | DSO | DAO |
 |
 |
location: S13E57 area: 0170 |
| 13594 | 2024.02.22 2024.02.23 |
4 | 9 | 5 | N05E55 | 0050 | CAO | DAO |
 |
 |
location: N04E55 are: 0080 |
| S9450 | 2024.02.22 | N17W21 | |||||||||
| S9451 | 2024.02.23 | 6 | 3 | N20E58 | 0020 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| S9452 | 2024.02.23 | 3 | 1 | S08E46 | 0010 | CRO |
 |
 |
|||
| S9453 | 2024.02.24 | 1 | 1 | S15E73 | 0006 | HRX |
 |
||||
| S9454 | 2024.02.24 | 1 | N08E65 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| S9455 | 2024.02.24 | 1 | N07W09 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| S9456 | 2024.02.24 | 2 | S16W50 | 0005 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 56 | 151 | 76 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 106 | 271 | 166 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 86 | 187 | 112 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 117 | 149 | 133 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2022.07 | 125.4 | 129.5 | 91.4 | 86.7 (+5.6) | 9.51 |
| 2022.08 | 114.2 | 117.1 | 74.6 | 92.6 (+5.9) | 10.92 |
| 2022.09 | 135.1 | 136.5 | 96.0 | 96.5 (+3.9) | 12.18 |
| 2022.10 | 133.5 | 132.7 | 95.5 | 98.9 (+2.4) | 11.16 |
| 2022.11 | 123.4 | 120.7 | 80.5 | 101.2 (+2.3) | 9.33 |
| 2022.12 | 147.9 | 143.4 | 112.8 | 106.7 (+5.5) | 10.99 |
| 2023.01 | 182.4 | 176.6 | 144.4 | 113.3 (+6.6) | 8.73 |
| 2023.02 | 167.2 | 163.2 | 111.3 | 117.8 (+3.5) | 14.48 (current SC25 peak) |
| 2023.03 | 157.2 | 155.6 | 123.3 | 121.1 (+3.3) | 14.42 |
| 2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 97.6 | 122.9 (+1.8) | 13.40 |
| 2023.05 | 155.6 | 159.2 | 137.4 | 124.1 (+1.2) | 10.67 |
| 2023.06 | 161.7 | 166.8 | 160.5 | 125.2 (+1.1) (SC25 solar max candidate) |
8.95 |
| 2023.07 | 176.4 | 182.2 | 160.0 | 124.3 (-0.9) | 8.15 |
| 2023.08 | 153.7 | 157.6 | 114.8 | (123.4 projected, -0.9) | 7.19 |
| 2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | (123.1 projected, -0.3) | 14.26 |
| 2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.4 | (123.9 projected, +0.8) | 8.16 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 105.4 | (123.9 projected, +0.0) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 114.2 | (120.5 projected, -3.4) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 123.0 | (117.1 projected, -3.3) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.9 (1) | 96.8 (2A) / 117.0 (2B) / 134.0 (2C) | (116.3 projected, -0.8) | (4.8) | |
| 2024.03 | (115.8 projected, -0.5) | ||||
| 2024.04 | (115.7 projected, -0.1) | ||||
| 2024.05 | (117.0 projected, +1.3) | ||||
| 2024.06 | (116.2 projected, -0.8) | ||||
| 2024.07 | (114.5 projected, -1.7) | ||||
| 2024.08 | (113.1 projected, -1.4) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz
and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
The relatively high solar activity during the first weeks of 2024 has changed the outlook regarding solar max. The first peak in June 2023 currently has a less than 10% probability of being the actual solar max. The next candidate month is October 2023 (October 8-11 if zooming in on a specific date). The likelihood of October 2023 surpassing June 2023 is at least 50%. It is still likely that solar max will be sometime between October 2023 and March 2025.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
