The geomagnetic field was quiet to severe storm on April 19. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to major storm levels. The above 10 MeV proton flux was at background levels at the end of the day. A CME related disturbance was observed arriving at DSCOVR at 04:54 UT with a sudden increase in solar wind temperature, speed and density as well as in the total field of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 213.4 - increasing 2.7 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 157.51. In comparison SC24 peaked on June 28, 2014 at 145.50. Current SC25 peak: 158.71 on June 27, 2023). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 43 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 42.8). Three hour interval K indices: 22445574 (planetary), 22545553 (Boulder), 22365664 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 20 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 469) and in 18 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 314) SDO/HMI images.
Region 13635 [N22W73] decayed slowly and was
mostly quiet.
Region 13636 [S21W30] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13637 [S13W15] decayed and became nearly spotless before noon,
then new flux emerged and several spots formed.
Region 13638 [S18W08] developed slowly and was mostly quiet.
Region 13639 [N28W02] decayed slowly producing several C flares.
Region 13641 [N09W59] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13643 [S13E09] decayed slowly and was mostly quiet.
Region 13644 [N10E34] was quiet and stable.
Region 13645 [S09W05] has large spots and could produce further M
class, both on its own and with nearby AR 13647.
Region 13646 [N20E41] was mostly quiet and stable.
Region 13647 [S13W02] still has a magnetic delta structure and
produced several flares.
Region 13648 [N17E15] decayed slowly and quietly.
Region 13649 [N16W23] emerged on April 18 and was numbered by SWPC
the next day.
New region 13650 [S12E20] emerged on April 18 with SWPC numbering the
region the following day.
New region 13651 [N12E26] emerged on April 16 and received its NOAA
number 3 days later. Decay was observed after noon.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC/USAF:
S9600 [N14E38] gained tiny trailing spots and was quiet.
New region S9612 [S21E71] rotated into view with tiny spots.
New region S9613 [S12E74] rotated into view with tiny spots.
New region S9614 [N15E58] was observed with tiny spots in an old
plage area.
New region S9615 [S33E16] emerged with a tiny spot.
C2+ flares
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
April 17-19: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed.
[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent negative polarity southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH1214) rotated across the central meridian on April 17. A recurrent trans equatorial coronal hole (CH1215) will likely become Earth facing on April 22.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet to active on April 20-21 due to effects from CH1214 and quiet on April 22-23.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejections (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole
could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed
stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous
day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13635 | 2024.04.08 2024.04.10 |
2 | 2 | 1 | N22W70 | 0010 | CRO | AXX |
 |
 |
location: N22W73 area: 0006 |
| 13636 | 2024.04.10 2024.04.11 |
3 | 7 | 3 | S21W31 | 0030 | CAO | CAO |
 |
 |
location: S21W30 area: 0040 |
| 13637 | 2024.04.12 2024.04.13 |
1 | 15 | 7 | S15W13 | 0010 | AXX | DRO |
 |
 |
location: S13W15 area: 0060 |
| 13638 | 2024.04.12 2024.04.13 |
13 | 25 | 14 | S18W08 | 0060 | CAI | DAI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma area: 0130 |
| 13639 | 2024.04.13 2024.04.14 |
19 | 53 | 19 | N29W02 | 0300 | EKC | EAI |
 |
 |
location: N28W02 |
| 13641 | 2024.04.13 2024.04.14 |
1 | 1 | 1 | N09W59 | 0010 | AXX | HAX |
 |
 |
area: 0050 |
| S9588 | 2024.04.13 | N17W38 |
 |
||||||||
| 13640 | 2024.04.14 | N21W12 | |||||||||
| 13642 | 2024.04.14 2024.04.15 |
N18W67 |
 |
location: N16W64 |
|||||||
| S9593 | 2024.04.14 | S22W30 |
 |
||||||||
| 13643 | 2024.04.15 | 18 | 32 | 19 | S13E05 | 0130 | DAI | DAI |
 |
 |
location: S13E09 |
| 13644 | 2024.04.16 2024.04.16 |
2 | 1 | 1 | N13E37 | 0120 | DSO | HSX |
 |
 |
location: N10E34 area: 0140 |
| 13646 | 2024.04.16 2024.04.17 |
5 | 12 | 4 | N21E38 | 0020 | BXO | CRO |
 |
 |
area: 0030 location: N20E41 |
| S9600 | 2024.04.16 | 7 | 2 | N14E38 | 0130 | CSO |
 |
 |
|||
| 13650 | 2024.04.16 2024.04.19 |
4 | 26 | 11 | S11E21 | 0030 | CRO | DRI |
 |
 |
location: S12E20 area: 0100 |
| S9602 | 2024.04.16 | S42W06 | |||||||||
| 13648 | 2024.04.17 2024.04.18 |
3 | N19E25 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
 |
||||
| S9604 | 2024.04.17 | S18W15 |
 |
||||||||
| 13645 | 2024.04.17 2024.04.17 |
16 | 31 | 21 | S09W04 | 0210 | DAC | DKI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma location: S09W05 area: 0640 |
| 13647 | 2024.04.17 2024.04.18 |
9 | 34 | 19 | S13W00 | 0160 | DAC | DAC |
 |
 |
beta-delta area: 0410 location: S13W02 |
| S9607 | 2024.04.17 | S06W43 | |||||||||
| S9608 | 2024.04.17 | S35W41 | |||||||||
| 13649 | 2024.04.18 2024.04.19 |
8 | 10 | 7 | N16W24 | 0020 | BXI | CRI |
 |
 |
area: 0040 location: N15W23 |
| 13651 | 2024.04.18 2024.04.19 |
2 | 3 | 2 | N13E25 | 0010 | BXO | BXO |
 |
 |
|
| S9611 | 2024.04.18 | S29W10 |
 |
||||||||
| S9612 | 2024.04.19 | 2 | 1 | S21E71 | 0005 | BXO |
 |
||||
| S9613 | 2024.04.19 | 2 | 1 | S12E74 | 0003 | BXO |
 |
||||
| S9614 | 2024.04.19 | 3 | 1 | N15E58 | 0005 | AXX |
 |
||||
| S9615 | 2024.04.19 | 1 | S33E16 | 0003 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 103 | 269 | 134 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 243 | 469 | 314 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 149 | 331 | 196 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 267 | 258 | 251 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (SC24 solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (SC24 peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2022.09 | 135.1 | 136.5 | 96.0 | 96.5 (+3.9) | 12.18 |
| 2022.10 | 133.5 | 132.7 | 95.5 | 98.9 (+2.4) | 11.16 |
| 2022.11 | 123.4 | 120.7 | 80.5 | 101.2 (+2.3) | 9.33 |
| 2022.12 | 147.9 | 143.4 | 112.8 | 106.7 (+5.5) | 10.99 |
| 2023.01 | 182.4 | 176.6 | 144.4 | 113.3 (+6.6) | 8.73 |
| 2023.02 | 167.2 | 163.2 | 111.3 | 117.8 (+3.5) | 14.48 (current SC25 peak) |
| 2023.03 | 157.2 | 155.6 | 123.3 | 121.1 (+3.3) | 14.42 |
| 2023.04 | 145.4 | 146.4 | 97.6 | 122.9 (+1.8) | 13.40 |
| 2023.05 | 155.6 | 159.2 | 137.4 | 124.1 (+1.2) | 10.67 |
| 2023.06 | 161.7 | 166.8 | 160.5 | 125.2 (+1.1) (SC25 solar max candidate) |
8.95 |
| 2023.07 | 176.4 | 182.2 | 160.0 | 124.3 (-0.9) | 8.15 |
| 2023.08 | 153.7 | 157.6 | 114.8 | 124.0 (-0.3) | 7.19 |
| 2023.09 | 154.4 | 156.0 | 134.2 | 123.8 (-0.2) | 14.26 |
| 2023.10 | 142.8 | 141.9 | 99.4 | (123.8 projected, 0.0) | 8.16 |
| 2023.11 | 153.5 | 150.2 | 105.4 | (123.5 projected, -0.3) | 12.20 |
| 2023.12 | 151.1 | 146.4 | 114.2 | (120.1 projected, -3.4) | 9.60 |
| 2024.01 | 164.6 | 159.3 | 123.0 | (116.8 projected, -3.3) | 5.46 |
| 2024.02 | 172.5 | 168.3 | 124.6 | (116.0 projected, -0.8) | 5.31 |
| 2024.03 | 154.4 | 152.9 | 104.9 | (115.4 projected, -0.6) | 11.03 |
| 2024.04 | 152.1 (1) | 69.8 (2A) / 110.2 (2B) / 135.8 (2C) | (115.4 projected, -0.0) | (10.0) | |
| 2024.05 | (116.6 projected, +1.2) | ||||
| 2024.06 | (115.8 projected, -0.8) | ||||
| 2024.07 | (114.1 projected, -1.7) | ||||
| 2024.08 | (112.1 projected, -2.0) | ||||
| 2024.09 | (110.9 projected, -1.2) | ||||
| 2024.10 | (110.3 projected, -0.6) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz
and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory
Of Belgium, Brussels
Solar activity saw a significant decrease during the latter half of February and the first part of March. While there is still a chance that there could be another and higher peak in October or November 2023, chances that June 2023 was solar max has increased. After November 2023 there is currently no other obvious candidate solar max month. Taking into account the state of the solar polar fields another major peak during SC25 is becoming less likely.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
